Gene Expression and Epigenetics Flashcards
Changes to the chemical
groups that associate with DNA that are transmitted to daughter cells after cell division.
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
Epigenetic changes
Adult hemoglobin has ______ polypeptide chains
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
four globular
Two beta (β) chains have 146 amino acid which is encoded on _______
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
chromosome 11
Two alpha (α) chains have 141 amino acids which is encoded on _______
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
chromosome 16
Subunits change in response to _______ levels
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
oxygen
The subunit of an embryo
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ)
The subunit of a fetus
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α)
The subunit of an adult
CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular
Two beta (β) + two alpha (α)
Adult type is about 99% of hemoglobin by ten years of age. True or False
False - four years
Blood plasma contains about 300,000 different types of proteins. True or False
False - 40,000
releases digestive enzymes into ducts.
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
Exocrine
secretes polypeptide hormones directly into the bloodstream
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
Endocrine
If ____________ activated, some progenitor cells follow the exocrine pathway.
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
transcription factor pdx-1
It identifies all the mRNA molecules made in a specific cell under specific circumstances.
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
Transcriptomics
It identifies all the proteins a cell manufactures under specific conditions.
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
Proteomics
It can be charted based on the relative abundance of each class at different stages of development.
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
Proteins
It connects diseases that share genes that have altered expression.
CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine
Diseasome
Diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes share certain gene links. True or False
True
It contains some control over its own expression level.
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
Protein-encoding gene contains
__________ profiles for different cell types under various conditions are the basis for many new medical tests that assess risk, diagnose disease, or monitor response to treatment.
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
Gene expression
In ______________ the histone proteins associated with DNA interact with other chemical groups in ways that expose some sections of DNA to transcription factors and shield other sections, blocking their expression.
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
chromatin remodeling
The on/off switch
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
chromatin remodeling
the dimmer switch
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
MicroRNA
Expose DNA when and where it is to be transcribed and shield it when it is to be silenced
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
Histones
can subtly shift histone interactions in a way
that eases transcription
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
acetyl binding
Belong to a class of molecules called non-coding RNAs.
CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression
MicroRNA
The human genome has about
1000 distinct microRNAs that regulate at least 1/4 of the protein-encoding genes. True or False
False - 1/3
MicroRNA are 21–22 bases long. True or False
True
When a microRNA binds to a target mRNA, it _______ translation.
CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)
prevents
a disease that provides a practical application of microRNAs
CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)
Cancer
Small synthetic, double-stranded RNA molecules are introduced into selected cells to block gene expression
CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)
RNA interference (RNAi)
_______ in pieces pattern of exons and introns and alternate splicing help to greatly expand the gene number.
CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)
Genes
______ in one gene’s template strand may encode a protein on the coding strand.
CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)
Intron
__________ is also maximized when a protein undergoes post-translational modifications.
CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)
Information
The human genome contains about 20,325 genes. True or False
True
Certain microRNAs are more or less abundant in cancer cells than in healthy ones. True or False
True
Another way that one gene can encode more than one protein is if the protein is cut to yield four products. True or False
False - two products
Caused by a deficiency
in the two proteins DPP and DSP
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
dentinogenesis imperfecta
Alternate splicing of the exons and introns of a gene enable it to encode several versions of a protein, termed _______
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
isoforms
A DNA virus may insert its DNA into a host chromosome or remain outside the nucleus in a circle of DNA called an ________.
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
episome
An RNA virus uses an enzyme called ___________ to copy its genetic material into DNA, which then inserts into a host chromosome.
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
reverse transcriptase
a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
retrovirus
similar in sequence to a protein-encoding gene that may be transcribed, but it is not translated into protein, because it is altered in sequence from an ancestral gene in a way that may impair its translation or folding
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
pseudogenes
The most abundant type of repeat is a sequence of DNA that can move about the genome.
CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms
transposon
Transposons comprise about 55 percent of the human genome sequence, and typically are present in many copies. True or False
False - 45%
