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Cytogenetics > Gene Expression and Epigenetics > Flashcards

Gene Expression and Epigenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Changes to the chemical
groups that associate with DNA that are transmitted to daughter cells after cell division.

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

Epigenetic changes

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2
Q

Adult hemoglobin has ______ polypeptide chains

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

four globular

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3
Q

Two beta (β) chains have 146 amino acid which is encoded on _______

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

chromosome 11

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4
Q

Two alpha (α) chains have 141 amino acids which is encoded on _______

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

chromosome 16

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5
Q

Subunits change in response to _______ levels

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

oxygen

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6
Q

The subunit of an embryo

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ)

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7
Q

The subunit of a fetus

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α)

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8
Q

The subunit of an adult

CHOICES:
Epigenetic changes, carbon, oxygen, Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), Two beta (β) + two alpha (α), Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α), chromosome 16, chromosome 11, chromosome 15, four globular

A

Two beta (β) + two alpha (α)

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9
Q

Adult type is about 99% of hemoglobin by ten years of age. True or False

A

False - four years

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10
Q

Blood plasma contains about 300,000 different types of proteins. True or False

A

False - 40,000

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11
Q

releases digestive enzymes into ducts.

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

Exocrine

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12
Q

secretes polypeptide hormones directly into the bloodstream

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

If ____________ activated, some progenitor cells follow the exocrine pathway.

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

transcription factor pdx-1

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14
Q

It identifies all the mRNA molecules made in a specific cell under specific circumstances.

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

Transcriptomics

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15
Q

It identifies all the proteins a cell manufactures under specific conditions.

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

Proteomics

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16
Q

It can be charted based on the relative abundance of each class at different stages of development.

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

Proteins

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17
Q

It connects diseases that share genes that have altered expression.

CHOICES:
transcription factor pdx-1, Proteins, Diseasome, Proteomics, Transcriptomics, Endocrine, Exocrine

A

Diseasome

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18
Q

Diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes share certain gene links. True or False

A

True

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19
Q

It contains some control over its own expression level.

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

Protein-encoding gene contains

20
Q

__________ profiles for different cell types under various conditions are the basis for many new medical tests that assess risk, diagnose disease, or monitor response to treatment.

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

Gene expression

21
Q

In ______________ the histone proteins associated with DNA interact with other chemical groups in ways that expose some sections of DNA to transcription factors and shield other sections, blocking their expression.

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

chromatin remodeling

22
Q

The on/off switch

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

chromatin remodeling

23
Q

the dimmer switch

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

MicroRNA

24
Q

Expose DNA when and where it is to be transcribed and shield it when it is to be silenced

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

Histones

25
Q

can subtly shift histone interactions in a way
that eases transcription

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

acetyl binding

26
Q

Belong to a class of molecules called non-coding RNAs.

CHOICES:
Protein-encoding gene contains, chromatin remodeling, acetyl binding, MicroRNA, Histones, Gene expression

A

MicroRNA

27
Q

The human genome has about

1000 distinct microRNAs that regulate at least 1/4 of the protein-encoding genes. True or False

A

False - 1/3

28
Q

MicroRNA are 21–22 bases long. True or False

A

True

29
Q

When a microRNA binds to a target mRNA, it _______ translation.

CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)

A

prevents

30
Q

a disease that provides a practical application of microRNAs

CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Cancer

31
Q

Small synthetic, double-stranded RNA molecules are introduced into selected cells to block gene expression

CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

32
Q

_______ in pieces pattern of exons and introns and alternate splicing help to greatly expand the gene number.

CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Genes

33
Q

______ in one gene’s template strand may encode a protein on the coding strand.

CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Intron

34
Q

__________ is also maximized when a protein undergoes post-translational modifications.

CHOICES:
prevents, allows, Cancer, Diabetes, Genes, Intron, Exon, Information, RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Information

35
Q

The human genome contains about 20,325 genes. True or False

A

True

36
Q

Certain microRNAs are more or less abundant in cancer cells than in healthy ones. True or False

A

True

37
Q

Another way that one gene can encode more than one protein is if the protein is cut to yield four products. True or False

A

False - two products

38
Q

Caused by a deficiency
in the two proteins DPP and DSP

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

dentinogenesis imperfecta

39
Q

Alternate splicing of the exons and introns of a gene enable it to encode several versions of a protein, termed _______

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

isoforms

40
Q

A DNA virus may insert its DNA into a host chromosome or remain outside the nucleus in a circle of DNA called an ________.

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

episome

41
Q

An RNA virus uses an enzyme called ___________ to copy its genetic material into DNA, which then inserts into a host chromosome.

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

reverse transcriptase

42
Q

a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

retrovirus

43
Q

similar in sequence to a protein-encoding gene that may be transcribed, but it is not translated into protein, because it is altered in sequence from an ancestral gene in a way that may impair its translation or folding

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

pseudogenes

44
Q

The most abundant type of repeat is a sequence of DNA that can move about the genome.

CHOICES:
dentinogenesis imperfecta, episome, pseudogenes, transposon, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, isoforms

A

transposon

45
Q

Transposons comprise about 55 percent of the human genome sequence, and typically are present in many copies. True or False

A

False - 45%

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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