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Cytogenetics > Gene Action From DNA to Protein > Flashcards

Gene Action From DNA to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins are one of the three major types of nutrients which are abundant in meats, eggs, and legumes. True or False

A

True

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2
Q

300 types of amino acids are chemically possible. True or False

A

False - 500 types

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3
Q

20 amino acids are required in our diets for the body to produce its own protein molecules. True or False

A

True

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4
Q

The 20 biological amino acids have similar frameworks. True or False

A

True

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5
Q

one or more long chains of amino acids

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Polypeptides

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6
Q

shorter chains of amino acids

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Peptides

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7
Q

proteins helps blood to clot. True or False

A

True

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8
Q

gives a person the inability to walk because of the lack gigaxonin protein manufactured by motor neurons.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Giant axonal neuropathy

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9
Q

provides respiratory and digestive problems; ion channel proteins cannot fold properly.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Cystic fibrosis

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10
Q

synthesizes an RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix for a particular gene.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Transcription

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11
Q

uses the RNA information and makes proteins by aligning and joining specified amino acids.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Translation

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12
Q

The RNA copy is taken out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Transcription

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13
Q

The protein is folded into a specific three-dimensional form necessary for its function

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

A

Translation

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14
Q

Cells replicate their DNA only during the M phase of the cell cycle transcription and translation occur continuously, except during the S phase. True or False

A

False - Cells replicate their DNA only during the S phase of the cell cycle transcription and translation occur continuously, except during the M phase.

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15
Q

a strand of the double helix used to make complementary bases for an RNA sequence.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

Template strand

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16
Q

an enzyme that builds an RNA molecule.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

nontemplate strand of the DNA double helix.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

Coding strand

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18
Q

usually single-stranded has uracil as a base and ribose as the sugar.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

RNA

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19
Q

usually double-stranded has thymine as a base and deoxyribose as the sugar.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

DNA

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20
Q

It carries protein-encoding information and controls how information is used can function as an enzyme.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

RNA

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21
Q

It maintains protein-encoding information but cannot function as an enzyme

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

DNA

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22
Q

short-lived

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

RNA

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23
Q

more stable

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

DNA

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24
Q

when synthesized RNA folds into a three-dimensional shape that arises from complementary base pairing within the same RNA molecule.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

Conformation

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25
Q

two subunits that are separate in the cytoplasm but join at the site of initiation of protein synthesis.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

Ribosome

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26
Q

has 3 types of rRNA molecules.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

larger ribosomal subunit

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27
Q

has 1 type of rRNA molecule.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

A

smaller ribosomal subunit

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28
Q

carries the information that specifies a particular protein

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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29
Q

range from 100 to nearly 3,000 nucleotides long

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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30
Q

Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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31
Q

Encodes sequence amino acid

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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32
Q

Associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which structurally support and catalyze proteins synthesis.

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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33
Q

Each set of three consecutive ______ bases forms a genetic code word, or codon, that specifies a certain amino acid.

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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34
Q

binds an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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35
Q

500 to 4,500+ number of nucleotides

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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36
Q

only 75 to 80 nucleotides long

CHOICES:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA),  Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

37
Q

complementary to an mRNA codon

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

Anticodon

38
Q

regulate which genes are transcribed in a particular cell type under particular conditions.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

Transcription Factors

39
Q

transcription factors and RNA polymerase are attracted to a promoter, which is a special sequence that signals the start of the gene.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

Transcription Initiation

40
Q

The first transcription factor to bind, called a ___________ protein

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

TATA binding

41
Q

TATA binding is chemically attracted to a DNA sequence called a __________

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

TATA box

42
Q

enzymes unwind the DNA double helix locally, and free RNA nucleotides bond with exposed complementary bases on the DNA template strand.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

Transcription Elongation

43
Q

RNA polymerase joins the complex, binding just in front of the start of the gene sequence.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

Transcription Initiation

44
Q

RNA polymerase adds the RNA nucleotides in the sequence the DNA specifies, moving along the DNA strand in a 3′ to 5′ direction, synthesizing the RNA molecule in a 5′ to 3′ direction.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

Transcription Elongation

45
Q

A _________________ indicates where the gene’s RNA-encoding region ends.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

terminator sequence

46
Q

A typical rate of transcription in humans is ___ bases per second.

CHOICES:
Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

A

20

47
Q

RNA is transcribed using only the gene sequence on the template strand. True or False

A

True

48
Q

In bacteria, RNA is translated into protein as soon as it is transcribed from DNA because a nucleus does not physically separate the two processes. True or False

A

True

49
Q

In prokaryotic cells, mRNA must first exit the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are located. Messenger RNA is altered in several steps before it is translated into more complex cells. True or False

A

False - eukaryotic cells

50
Q

part of mRNA rgar are removed

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

Introns

51
Q

part of mRNA that splices together, which are then translated into amino acid sequences or protein

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

Exons

52
Q

mRNA prior intron removal

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

pre-mRNA

53
Q

extrons may outnumber and outsize introns. True or False

A

False - introns may outnumber and outsize extrons

54
Q

It is a mechanism of
combining exons of a gene in different ways and increases
protein diversity.

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

Alternate splicing

55
Q

Particular rRNA codons correspond to particular amino acids. True or False

A

False - mRNA

56
Q

Transcription takes place on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and those in the endoplasmic reticulum. True or False

A

False - Translation

57
Q

encode the same amino acid

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

Synonymous codons

58
Q

encode different amino acids

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

Nonsynonymous codons

59
Q

__________ is the starting point of a DNA sequence that encodes a protein.

CHOICES:
pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

A

Reading frame

60
Q

The open reading frame is a stretch of DNA without a stop codon that might indicate a protein-encoding gene. True or False

A

True

61
Q

Protein synthesis doesn’t need ATP and GTP. True or False

A

False - proteins need them

62
Q

In translation initiation, mRNA leader sequence forms hydrogen bonds with a short sequence of rRNA in a small ribosomal unit. True or False

A

True

63
Q

the first mRNA codon to specify an amino acid and it attracts the initiator tRNA

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

AUG

64
Q

A _________________ binds to the initiation complex to begin elongation.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

large ribosomal subunit

65
Q

bears the growing amino acid chain

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

P (peptide) site

66
Q

holds the next amino acid to be added.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

A (acceptor) site

67
Q

a type of chemical bond that links amino acids with the help of rRNA that functions as a ribozyme—RNA with enzymatic activity.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

Peptide bond

68
Q

stop codon

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

69
Q

Elongation halts when the A site of the ribosome has a _______, because no tRNA molecules correspond to it

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

stop codon

70
Q

Proteins fold into one or more __________ caused by attraction and repulsion between atoms of the proteins as well as interactions of proteins with chemicals in the immediate environment.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

conformations

71
Q

polypeptide’s amino acid sequence

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

Primary (1°) structure

72
Q

forms when a protein consists of more than one polypeptide.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

Quaternary (4°) structure

73
Q

appears as more widely separated amino acids attract or repel in response to water molecules.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

Tertiary (3°) structure

74
Q

forms as amino acids close in the primary structure attract; may form loops, coils, barrels, helices, or sheets.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

Secondary (2°) structure

75
Q

Two common _________ are an alpha helix and a beta-pleated sheet.

CHOICES:
large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

A

Secondary (2°) structure

76
Q

Proteins begin to fold within a minute after the amino acid chain winds away from the ribosome. True or False

A

True

77
Q

_________ are not found on proteins synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Signal sequences

78
Q

Proteins destined for the nucleus, such as translation factors, are synthesized on free ribosomes. True or False

A

False - transcription factors

79
Q

help the correct conformation arise.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Chaperone proteins

80
Q

attaches to misfolded proteins and enables them to refold or escorts them to proteasomes for dismantling.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Ubiquitin

81
Q

they stabilize partially folded regions in their correct form and prevent a protein from getting “stuck” in a useless intermediate form.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Chaperone proteins

82
Q

a tunnel-like multiprotein structure where protein with more than on tag is sent.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Proteasome

83
Q

They also destroy properly folded proteins that are in excess or no longer needed.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Proteasome

84
Q 
It causes change in the
amino acid sequence,
wherein it alters the attractions and repulsions between parts
of the protein, contorting
it.

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Mutation

85
Q

infectious protein

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

Prion

86
Q

The first prion disease recognized in humans was ______

CHOICES:
Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

A

kuru

87
Q

Prions cause disease both by spreading the alternate form (infectious or mutant) and by aggregation of the protein. True or False

A

True

88
Q

Prions are also seen in more familiar diseases, such as beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease, and alpha-synuclein deposits in Parkinson’s disease. True or False

A

False - Aggregates

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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