Gene Action From DNA to Protein

Question 1

Proteins are one of the three major types of nutrients which are abundant in meats, eggs, and legumes. True or False

Answer 1

True

Question 2

300 types of amino acids are chemically possible. True or False

Answer 2

False - 500 types

Question 3

20 amino acids are required in our diets for the body to produce its own protein molecules. True or False

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The 20 biological amino acids have similar frameworks. True or False

Answer 4

True

Question 5

one or more long chains of amino acids

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 5

Polypeptides

Question 6

shorter chains of amino acids

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 6

Peptides

Question 7

proteins helps blood to clot. True or False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

gives a person the inability to walk because of the lack gigaxonin protein manufactured by motor neurons.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 8

Giant axonal neuropathy

Question 9

provides respiratory and digestive problems; ion channel proteins cannot fold properly.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 9

Cystic fibrosis

Question 10

synthesizes an RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix for a particular gene.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 10

Transcription

Question 11

uses the RNA information and makes proteins by aligning and joining specified amino acids.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 11

Translation

Question 12

The RNA copy is taken out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 12

Transcription

Question 13

The protein is folded into a specific three-dimensional form necessary for its function

CHOICES:
Polypeptides, Peptides, Transcription, Translation, Cystic fibrosis, Giant axonal neuropathy

Answer 13

Translation

Question 14

Cells replicate their DNA only during the M phase of the cell cycle transcription and translation occur continuously, except during the S phase. True or False

Answer 14

False - Cells replicate their DNA only during the S phase of the cell cycle transcription and translation occur continuously, except during the M phase.

Question 15

a strand of the double helix used to make complementary bases for an RNA sequence.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 15

Template strand

Question 16

an enzyme that builds an RNA molecule.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 16

RNA polymerase

Question 17

nontemplate strand of the DNA double helix.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 17

Coding strand

Question 18

usually single-stranded has uracil as a base and ribose as the sugar.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 18

RNA

Question 19

usually double-stranded has thymine as a base and deoxyribose as the sugar.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

It carries protein-encoding information and controls how information is used can function as an enzyme.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 20

RNA

Question 21

It maintains protein-encoding information but cannot function as an enzyme

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 21

DNA

Question 22

short-lived

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 22

RNA

Question 23

more stable

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

when synthesized RNA folds into a three-dimensional shape that arises from complementary base pairing within the same RNA molecule.

CHOICES:
Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 24

Conformation

Question 25

two subunits that are separate in the cytoplasm but join at the site of initiation of protein synthesis. CHOICES: Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 25

Ribosome

Question 26

has 3 types of rRNA molecules. CHOICES: Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 26

larger ribosomal subunit

Question 27

has 1 type of rRNA molecule. CHOICES: Template strand, RNA, DNA, Conformation, larger ribosomal subunit, smaller ribosomal subunit, Ribosome, Coding strand, RNA polymerase

Answer 27

smaller ribosomal subunit

Question 28

carries the information that specifies a particular protein ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 28

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 29

range from 100 to nearly 3,000 nucleotides long ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 29

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 30

Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 30

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 31

Encodes sequence amino acid ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 31

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 32

Associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which structurally support and catalyze proteins synthesis. ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 32

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 33

Each set of three consecutive ______ bases forms a genetic code word, or codon, that specifies a certain amino acid. ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 33

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 34

binds an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 34

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 35

500 to 4,500+ number of nucleotides ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 35

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 36

only 75 to 80 nucleotides long ``` CHOICES: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```

Answer 36

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 37

complementary to an mRNA codon CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 37

Anticodon

Question 38

regulate which genes are transcribed in a particular cell type under particular conditions. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 38

Transcription Factors

Question 39

transcription factors and RNA polymerase are attracted to a promoter, which is a special sequence that signals the start of the gene. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 39

Transcription Initiation

Question 40

The first transcription factor to bind, called a ___________ protein CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 40

TATA binding

Question 41

TATA binding is chemically attracted to a DNA sequence called a __________ CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 41

TATA box

Question 42

enzymes unwind the DNA double helix locally, and free RNA nucleotides bond with exposed complementary bases on the DNA template strand. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 42

Transcription Elongation

Question 43

RNA polymerase joins the complex, binding just in front of the start of the gene sequence. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 43

Transcription Initiation

Question 44

RNA polymerase adds the RNA nucleotides in the sequence the DNA specifies, moving along the DNA strand in a 3′ to 5′ direction, synthesizing the RNA molecule in a 5′ to 3′ direction. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 44

Transcription Elongation

Question 45

A _________________ indicates where the gene's RNA-encoding region ends. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 45

terminator sequence

Question 46

A typical rate of transcription in humans is ___ bases per second. CHOICES: Transcription Factors, Transcription Initiation, Transcription Elongation, 20, 30, 50, terminator sequence, TATA box, TATA binding, Anticodon

Answer 46

20

Question 47

RNA is transcribed using only the gene sequence on the template strand. True or False

Answer 47

True

Question 48

In bacteria, RNA is translated into protein as soon as it is transcribed from DNA because a nucleus does not physically separate the two processes. True or False

Answer 48

True

Question 49

In prokaryotic cells, mRNA must first exit the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are located. Messenger RNA is altered in several steps before it is translated into more complex cells. True or False

Answer 49

False - eukaryotic cells

Question 50

part of mRNA rgar are removed CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 50

Introns

Question 51

part of mRNA that splices together, which are then translated into amino acid sequences or protein CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 51

Exons

Question 52

mRNA prior intron removal CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 52

pre-mRNA

Question 53

extrons may outnumber and outsize introns. True or False

Answer 53

False - introns may outnumber and outsize extrons

Question 54

It is a mechanism of combining exons of a gene in different ways and increases protein diversity. CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 54

Alternate splicing

Question 55

Particular rRNA codons correspond to particular amino acids. True or False

Answer 55

False - mRNA

Question 56

Transcription takes place on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and those in the endoplasmic reticulum. True or False

Answer 56

False - Translation

Question 57

encode the same amino acid CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 57

Synonymous codons

Question 58

encode different amino acids CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 58

Nonsynonymous codons

Question 59

__________ is the starting point of a DNA sequence that encodes a protein. CHOICES: pre-mRNA, Alternate splicing, Synonymous codons, Nonsynonymous codons, Reading frame, Exons, Introns

Answer 59

Reading frame

Question 60

The open reading frame is a stretch of DNA without a stop codon that might indicate a protein-encoding gene. True or False

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Protein synthesis doesn't need ATP and GTP. True or False

Answer 61

False - proteins need them

Question 62

In translation initiation, mRNA leader sequence forms hydrogen bonds with a short sequence of rRNA in a small ribosomal unit. True or False

Answer 62

True

Question 63

the first mRNA codon to specify an amino acid and it attracts the initiator tRNA CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 63

AUG

Question 64

A _________________ binds to the initiation complex to begin elongation. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 64

large ribosomal subunit

Question 65

bears the growing amino acid chain CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 65

P (peptide) site

Question 66

holds the next amino acid to be added. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 66

A (acceptor) site

Question 67

a type of chemical bond that links amino acids with the help of rRNA that functions as a ribozyme—RNA with enzymatic activity. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 67

Peptide bond

Question 68

stop codon CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 68

UGA, UAG, UAA

Question 69

Elongation halts when the A site of the ribosome has a _______, because no tRNA molecules correspond to it CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 69

stop codon

Question 70

Proteins fold into one or more __________ caused by attraction and repulsion between atoms of the proteins as well as interactions of proteins with chemicals in the immediate environment. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 70

conformations

Question 71

polypeptide's amino acid sequence CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 71

Primary (1°) structure

Question 72

forms when a protein consists of more than one polypeptide. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 72

Quaternary (4°) structure

Question 73

appears as more widely separated amino acids attract or repel in response to water molecules. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 73

Tertiary (3°) structure

Question 74

forms as amino acids close in the primary structure attract; may form loops, coils, barrels, helices, or sheets. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 74

Secondary (2°) structure

Question 75

Two common _________ are an alpha helix and a beta-pleated sheet. CHOICES: large ribosomal subunit, P (peptide) site, A (acceptor) site, Peptide bond, stop codon, conformations, Primary (1°) structure, Secondary (2°) structure, Tertiary (3°) structure, Quaternary (4°) structure, UGA, UAG, UAA, AUG, AGU, GUA

Answer 75

Secondary (2°) structure

Question 76

Proteins begin to fold within a minute after the amino acid chain winds away from the ribosome. True or False

Answer 76

True

Question 77

_________ are not found on proteins synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 77

Signal sequences

Question 78

Proteins destined for the nucleus, such as translation factors, are synthesized on free ribosomes. True or False

Answer 78

False - transcription factors

Question 79

help the correct conformation arise. CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 79

Chaperone proteins

Question 80

attaches to misfolded proteins and enables them to refold or escorts them to proteasomes for dismantling. CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 80

Ubiquitin

Question 81

they stabilize partially folded regions in their correct form and prevent a protein from getting “stuck” in a useless intermediate form. CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 81

Chaperone proteins

Question 82

a tunnel-like multiprotein structure where protein with more than on tag is sent. CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 82

Proteasome

Question 83

They also destroy properly folded proteins that are in excess or no longer needed. CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 83

Proteasome

Question 84

``` It causes change in the amino acid sequence, wherein it alters the attractions and repulsions between parts of the protein, contorting it. ``` CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 84

Mutation

Question 85

infectious protein CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 85

Prion

Question 86

The first prion disease recognized in humans was ______ CHOICES: Ubiquitin, Prion, kuru, Mutation, Proteasome, Chaperone proteins, Signal sequences

Answer 86

kuru

Question 87

Prions cause disease both by spreading the alternate form (infectious or mutant) and by aggregation of the protein. True or False

Answer 87

True

Question 88

Prions are also seen in more familiar diseases, such as beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, and alpha-synuclein deposits in Parkinson's disease. True or False

Answer 88

False - Aggregates