Mutations, Recombination, and DNA Repair

Question 1

result of changes in the mRNA codon nucleotide sequence.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 1

Mutation

Question 2

Mutation results from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. True or False

Answer 2

True

Question 3

alteration of the genetic information that is passed on during transcription

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 3

Mutation

Question 4

Shift the reading frame of the entire DNA chain after the mutation

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 4

Frameshift Mutation

Question 5

The loss of a single base either spontaneously or due to damage

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 5

Deletion Mutation

Question 6

Acridine intercalates between adjacent DNA nitrogen bases and gets read by RNA polymerase causing the addition of extra bases into the new mRNA

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 6

Insertion Mutation

Question 7

To occur when DNA
polymerase synthesizes new DNA slips on the template DNA strand, effectively missing a nucleotide.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 7

Deletion Mutation

Question 8

It includes deletion mutation and insertion mutation

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 8

Frameshift Mutation

Question 9

An intercalated molecule may cause DNA Polymerase to copy the molecule as an extra-base pair

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 9

Insertion Mutation

Question 10

the frame of the triplet reading during translation is altered.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 10

Frameshift Mutation

Question 11

Larger strands of DNA can undergo a __________ during crossing-over, which takes place in meiosis.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 11

Deletion Mutation

Question 12

will occur when any number of bases are added or deleted, except multiples of three, which will reestablish the initial reading frame

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 12

Frameshift Mutation

Question 13

only 1 nucleotide is changed

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 13

Point Mutation

Question 14

Has 2 types: Transition and Transversion

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 14

Point Mutation

Question 15

When a purine is substituted by a purine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 15

Transition

Question 16

Substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 16

Transversion

Question 17

When a pyrimidine is substituted by a pyrimidine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 17

Transition

Question 18

Substitution of a pyrimidine for a purine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 18

Transversion

Question 19

Change codon to another for the same amino acid, so it has no effect

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 19

Silent Mutation

Question 20

Change codon to a stop codon and terminates synthesis

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 20

Nonsense Mutation

Question 21

Changes codon to another codon for a different amino acid. If the new amino acid is similar to the old one, the synthesized protein might function

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 21

Missense Mutation

Question 22

Example: UGG (Try) to UGA (stop)

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 22

Nonsense Mutation

Question 23

changes the nucleotide, but the triplet still codes for the same amino acid

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 23

Silent Mutation

Question 24

arises when a base pairs with an inappropriate partner during DNA replication

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 24

Point Mutation

Question 25

no effect on the final protein product CHOICES: Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 25

Silent Mutation

Question 26

Example: UUC (Phe) to UUA (Leu ) CHOICES: Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 26

Missense Mutation

Question 27

Example: UUU ( Phe) to UUC ( Phe) CHOICES: Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 27

Silent Mutation

Question 28

Result in the creation of a new triplet that codes for a different amino acid in the protein product. CHOICES: Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

Answer 28

Missense Mutation

Question 29

DNA encodes the cell genome and is, therefore, a permanent copy of a structure necessary for the correct functioning of a cell. True or False

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Damage to DNA is caused by the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide bases during DNA replication and can be caused by several factors such as the environment. True or False

Answer 30

True

Question 31

___________ of DNA damage is a mechanism of repair that does not require a template and is applied to two main types of damage. CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 31

Direct reversal

Question 32

________ induces the formation of pyrimidine dimers which can distort the DNA chain structure, blocking transcription beyond the area of damage. CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 32

UV light

Question 33

a direct enzymatic in situ reversal of dimerized pyrimidines in a DNA strand. CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 33

photoreactivation

Question 34

Direct reversal through photosynthesis can inverse this dimerization reaction by utilizing light energy for the destruction of the abnormal covalent bond between adjacent pyrimidine bases. True or False

Answer 34

False - photoreactivation

Question 35

________ of guanine bases produces a change in the structure of DNA by forming a product that is complementary to thymine rather than cytosine. CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 35

Methylation

Question 36

The protein _____________ can restore the original guanine by transferring the methylation product to its active site CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 36

methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT)

Question 37

Once the alkyl group is transferred to the enzyme, this enzyme becomes inactivated CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 37

suicide enzyme

Question 38

The general mechanism by which repairs are made when one of the double helix strands is damaged. CHOICES: suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

Answer 38

Excision

Question 39

used as a template with the damaged DNA on the other strand removed and replaced by the synthesis of new nucleotides. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 39

non-defective strand

Question 40

involves the recognition and removal of a single damaged base. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 40

Base Excision Repair

Question 41

used to repair the formation of pyrimidine dimers from UV light within humans. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 41

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 42

occurs when mismatched bases are incorporated into the DNA strand during replication and are not removed by proofreading DNA polymerase. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 42

Mismatch Repair

Question 43

for repairing damage to DNA and recognizes multiple damaged bases. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 43

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 44

The repair of damage to both DNA strands is particularly important in maintaining genomic integrity CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 44

Mismatch Repair

Question 45

requires a family of enzymes called glycosylases. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 45

Base Excision Repair

Question 46

The process involves the recognition of damage which is then cleaved on both sides by endonucleases before resynthesis by DNA polymerase. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 46

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 47

The enzymes remove the damaged base forming an AP site which is repaired by AP endonuclease before the nucleotide gap in the DNA strand is filled by DNA polymerase. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 47

Base Excision Repair

Question 48

involves the exchange of nucleotide sequences to repair damaged bases on both strands of DNA through the utilization of a sister chromatid. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 48

Homologous Recombination

Question 49

connects the break ends without a homologous template through the use of short DNA sequences called microhomologies. CHOICES: Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

Answer 49

Classical nonhomologous end joining

Question 50

Studies have also found that single-strand breaks can be repaired through alternative mechanisms such as single-stranded annealing and alternative joining during certain conditions. True or False

Answer 50

False - double strand

Question 51

Alternative joining has an undefined mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks but is known to risk genomic integrity by joining end breaks on different chromosomes. True or False

Answer 51

True