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Cytogenetics > DNA Structure and Replication > Flashcards

DNA Structure and Replication Flashcards

1
Q

co-discoverer of the 3- dimensional structure of DNA in 1953

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Francis Crick

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2
Q

a swiss physician
and biochemist who described the DNA in the mid-19th century.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Friedrich Miescher

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3
Q

he noted that people born with certain errors of metabolism lacks certain enzymes.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Archibald Garrod

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4
Q

He isolated nuclei from white blood cells in pus on soiled bandages, and he found out that there is an unusual acidic substance containing nitrogen and phosphorus in the nuclei.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Friedrich Miescher

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5
Q

an English Physician who was the first one to link inherited disease and protein in 1902.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Archibald Garrod

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6
Q

an English microbiologist who took the first step in identifying DNA as the genetic material.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Frederick Griffith

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7
Q

He experimented mice with two types of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Frederick Griffith

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8
Q

They hypothesized that a nucleic acid might be Griffith’s “transforming principle.”

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

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9
Q

a famed biochemist who suggested a triple helix structure for DNA, but it was incorrect.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Linus Pauling

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10
Q

they confirmed that DNA transformed the bacteria.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

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11
Q

He showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts of the bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) and equal amounts of the bases guanine (G) and cytosine (C).

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Erwin Chargaff

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12
Q

They bombarded DNA with X-rays using a technique called X-ray diffraction and then deduced the overall structure of the molecule from the patterns in which the X rays were deflected.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

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13
Q

She distinguished two forms of DNA—a dry, crystalline “A” form and the wetter type seen in cells, the “B” form. It took her 100 hours to obtain “photo 51” of the B form.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Rosalind Franklin

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14
Q

found the answer using cardboard cutouts of the DNA components

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Watson and Crick

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15
Q

Russian-American biochemist who identified the 5-carbon sugar ribose as part of some nucleic acids in 1909.

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Phoebus Levene

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16
Q

He discovered deoxyribose in other nucleic acids in 1929 and discovered the three parts of a nucleic acid

CHOICES:
Francis Crick, Friedrich Miescher, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Watson, Linus Pauling, Frederick Griffith, Archibald Garrod, Phoebus Levene

A

Phoebus Levene

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17
Q

was the term called by Miescher in an 1871 paper since the material was discovered in cell nuclei and it was then called nucleic acid

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Nuclein

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18
Q

a section of a DNA molecule whose sequence of building blocks specifies the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein.

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Gene

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19
Q

a single building block of DNA that consists of one deoxyribose sugar, one phosphate group (a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms), and one nitrogenous base.

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Nucleotides

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20
Q

have a two-ring structure

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Purines

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21
Q

have a single-ring structure

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Pyrimidines

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22
Q

cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Pyrimidines

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23
Q

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Purines

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24
Q

information-containing parts of DNA because they form sequences

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Nitrogenous bases

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25
Q

creates a continuous sugar-phosphate backbone

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Polynucleotide chains

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26
Q

combinations of multiple nucleotides attached by strong attachments called ____________ between the deoxyribose sugars and the phosphates

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

phosphodiester bonds

27
Q

the opposing orientation of the two nucleotide chains in a DNA molecule

CHOICES:
Nuclein, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, Antiparallelism, Polynucleotide chains, Purines, Pyrimidines, Gene

A

Antiparallelism

28
Q

The carbons of deoxyribose are numbered from 1 to 5, starting with the carbon found by moving clockwise from the oxygen. True or False

29
Q

One strand of the double helix runs in a 5′ to 3′ direction and the other strand runs in a 3′ to 5′ direction. True or False

30
Q

specific purine-pyrimidine couples

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

A

Complementary base pairs

31
Q

chemical attractions
that hold the DNA base pairs together.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

A

Hydrogen bonds

32
Q

__ hydrogen bonds join each A and T

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

33
Q

__ hydrogen bonds join each C and G

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

34
Q

form frameworks that guide DNA strands.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

A

Scaffold proteins

35
Q

a protein and DNA coils around them.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

36
Q

DNA “bead”

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

A

Nucleosome

37
Q

Together, they form structures that resemble beads on a string.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

38
Q

a chromosome consisting of one double helix, in the unreplicated form.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

39
Q

The “colored material” and is a chromosome substance.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

40
Q

Chromatin is composed of ___ histone proteins, ___ scaffold proteins, and other proteins that bind DNA, ____ DNA, and ___ RNA

A

Chromatin is composed of 30% histone proteins, 30% scaffold proteins and other proteins that bind DNA, 30% DNA, and 10% RNA

41
Q

An “anchor” protein called _____ brings together parts of the DNA sequence within the same long DNA molecule to form the overall “loop-ome” structure

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

42
Q

rarely overlap and affect swaths of the DNA sequence that is smaller than 2 million base pairs.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

A

Chromatin loops

43
Q

the genetic disorder that resembles rapid aging, disrupts chromatin binding to the nuclear envelope.

CHOICES:
Progeria, CTCF, Chromatid, Nucleosome, 4, 3, 2, Hydrogen bonds, Complementary base pairs, Scaffold proteins, Histones, Chromatin, Chromatin loops

44
Q

When two strands of the DNA double helix unwind and separates, the exposed unpaired bases would attract their complements from free, unattached nucleotides available in the cell from nutrients. True or False

45
Q

each new DNA double helix conserves half of the original.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

Semiconservative

46
Q

they demonstrated the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication with a series of “density shift” experiments in 1957.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

47
Q

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin labeled replicating DNA from bacteria with a dense, heavy form of nitrogen and traced the pattern of distribution of the nitrogen. True or False

A

False - Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

48
Q

replicating a daughter DNA double helix built of entirely “heavy” labeled
nucleotides

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

Conservative mechanism

49
Q

a daughter double helix in which both strands were composed of joined pieces of “light” and “heavy” nucleotides

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

Dispersive mechanism

50
Q

an unwinding protein that breaks the hydrogen bonds that connect a base pair.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

51
Q

hold the two single strands apart.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

Binding proteins

52
Q

__________ form as hydrogen bonds breaks between base pairs.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

Replication forks

53
Q

__________ builds short RNA primers, which DNA sequences eventually replace.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

54
Q

________ fills in DNA bases, and ligase seals remaining gaps, filling in the sugar-phosphate backbone.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

DNA polymerase

55
Q

an enzyme that builds a polymer, which is a chain of chemical building blocks.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

A

polymerase

56
Q

joins the okizaki
fragments and seals other nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone.

CHOICES:
polymerase, DNA polymerase, Primase, Dispersive mechanism, Conservative mechanism, Semiconservative, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, Helicase, Binding proteins, Replication forks, ligase

57
Q

Replication proceeds in a 3′ to 5′ direction. True or False

A

False - Replication proceeds in a 5′ to 3′ direction

58
Q

a biotechnology that researchers use when replicating DNA conducted outside cells

CHOICES:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Taq1, Taq2, raised, lowered, Frederick Sanger, Friedrich Miescher, Sanger Sequencing, DNA amplification

A

DNA amplification

59
Q

first and best-known DNA amplification technique. It uses DNA polymerase to rapidly replicate a specific DNA sequence in a test tube.

CHOICES:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Taq1, Taq2, raised, lowered, Frederick Sanger, Friedrich Miescher, Sanger Sequencing, DNA amplification

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

60
Q

a DNA polymerase from a bacterium that lives in hot springs.

CHOICES:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Taq1, Taq2, raised, lowered, Frederick Sanger, Friedrich Miescher, Sanger Sequencing, DNA amplification

61
Q

In the first step of PCR, the temperature is ______

CHOICES:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Taq1, Taq2, raised, lowered, Frederick Sanger, Friedrich Miescher, Sanger Sequencing, DNA amplification

62
Q

a British biochemist and two-time Nobel Prize winner who invented a way to determine the base sequence of a small piece of DNA in 1977.

CHOICES:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Taq1, Taq2, raised, lowered, Frederick Sanger, Friedrich Miescher, Sanger Sequencing, DNA amplification

A

Frederick Sanger

63
Q

It generates a series of DNA fragments of an identical sequence that is complementary to the DNA sequence of interest, which serves as a template strand.

CHOICES:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Taq1, Taq2, raised, lowered, Frederick Sanger, Friedrich Miescher, Sanger Sequencing, DNA amplification

A

Sanger Sequencing

64
Q

Sanger Sequencing deduces a DNA sequence by aligning pieces of different sizes that differ from each other at the end base. True or False

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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