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MUNI > Regional development > Flashcards

Regional development Flashcards

1
Q

What is regional development?

A

a general effort to reduce regional disparities by supporting (employment and wealth-generating) economic activities in regions.

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2
Q

What are the phases of the development of the regions

A
  1. Growth
  2. Development
  3. Stagnation
  4. Declination
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3
Q

What are the basic factors of regional differentiation? (3)

A
  1. Geographical factors
  2. Demographical factors
  3. Economical factors
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4
Q

List out atleast 5 geographical factors (7)

A
  1. location
  2. total area
  3. distance to center
  4. traffic connection
  5. climate
  6. natural conditions
  7. environment
  8. …
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5
Q

List out atleast 4 demographical factors (5)

A
  1. number of people
  2. inhabitants’ density
  3. age and sex structure of inhabitants
  4. birth-rate, mortality
  5. qualification/education
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6
Q

list out atleast 4 economical/political factors (5)

A
  1. employment structure (1., 2. + services?)
  2. seat of firms
  3. intensity of the interaction within the region
  4. number of SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises)
  5. macroeconomic policy
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7
Q

What is regional policy and what are it’s aims? (3)

A

a conceptual(theoretical) activity of the state and regional authorities with the aim to:

  1. contribute to the balanced and harmonious development of the regions
  2. reduce the differences in the levels of development between the regions
  3. improve the regional economic and social structure
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8
Q

What are the tools of regional policy? (6)

A
  1. Fiscal policy (regional taxes)
  2. reallocation of capital
  3. monetary policy
  4. protectionism
  5. programming
  6. institutional support

Chill dude

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9
Q

Regions in the Czech Republic with concentrated state aid (3 categories)

A
  1. structurally afflicted regions (Ústí, Chomutov, Most, Teplice, …)
  2. economically weak regions (Znojmo, Hodonín, Blansko, Šumperk…)
  3. regions with a high rate of unemployment (Svitavy, Louny, Kroměříž, Ostrava - Město, Vsetín)
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10
Q

Some reasons of regional differentiation
in the Czech Republic (6)

A
  1. drop down of the production and employment in the heavy industry
  2. decrease in employment rate in the agricultural
  3. differential development of the services sector
  4. differential development of the small and medium private enterprises
  5. low interregional mobility of the employees
  6. differential conditions of the natural environment
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11
Q

What is the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)?

Where does it focus its investments? (4)

A

The ERDF aims to strengthen economic and social cohesion in
the European Union by correcting imbalances between its
regions. The ERDF focuses its investments on several key
priority areas. This is known as ‘thematic concentration’:

  1. Innovation and research
  2. The digital agenda
  3. Support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
  4. The low-carbon economy
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12
Q

What is Cohesion Fund? What activities does it support? (2)

A

The Cohesion Fund supports EU countries where the average income per person is less than 90% of the EU average. Its goal is to reduce differences in wealth and living standards while encouraging sustainable development.

Supported activities:
− trans-European transport networks
− environment

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13
Q

What is European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) (4 points)

A

The European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) is the EU’s main tool for helping people and supporting social rights across Europe. With a budget of €142.7 billion for 2021–2027, it focuses on improving jobs, education, and skills while also supporting reforms to strengthen these areas.

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14
Q

what is Just Transition Fund?

A

The Just Transition Fund (JTF) is a new tool under the Cohesion Policy for 2021–2027 and a key part of the European Green Deal.

Its goal is to help regions most impacted by the shift to climate neutrality, ensuring the transition is fair and doesn’t increase regional inequalities.

It also supports the EU’s broader aim of reducing regional differences and managing structural changes.

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15
Q

What is Next Generation EU?

A

NextGenerationEU is a temporary recovery plan with over €800 billion to help Europe recover from the economic and social impacts of the coronavirus pandemic.

It aims to create a greener, more digital, and resilient Europe, ready to face current and future challenges.

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16
Q

Who were the founfing members of the EU? (6)

BFLING

A
  1. Belgium
  2. France
  3. Germany
  4. Italy
  5. Luxembourg
  6. Netherlands
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17
Q

Who were the founfing members of EFTA (European Free Trade Association)? (7)

A
  1. Austria
  2. Denmark
  3. Norway
  4. Portugal
  5. Sweden
  6. Switzerland
  7. United Kingdom
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18
Q

What is the Schengen area?

A

A group of European countries that have agreed to remove border controls between them. This means you can travel freely across these countries without showing your passport at every border, like moving between states in the U.S.

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19
Q

What is EU

A

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership of 27 European countries working together to promote peace, stability, and shared prosperity through common laws, open borders, and coordinated policies.

20
Q

How many members does EU have atm?

A

27

21
Q

What was COMECON (CMEA)?

A

The Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance.

EU for Soviet block countries

22
Q

What are the Copenhagen criteria? (3+1)

A

Copenhagen criteria:

Political: The country must have stable institutions that support democracy, follow the law, protect human rights, and respect minorities.

Economical: It needs a working market economy that can handle competition within the EU.

Legal: It must follow EU rules, agree to its goals, and accept the responsibilities of being an EU member.

It must be a European country and respect shared EU values.

23
Q

What are European values? (6)

thefdh

A

▪ human dignity
▪ freedom
▪ democracy
▪ equality
▪ the rule of law
▪ human rights

24
Q

What are regional development agencies? What do they do (6)

A

Tool for institutional support of regional development. Working on the non-profit base (NGO, etc.).
Main activities:
1. regional programming (preparation of strategic documents)
2. preparation
3. monitoring and evaluation of development projects
4. services for municipalities
5. consulting
6. educational activities.

25
Q

Europe in 2007 - 2013 (4)

A
  1. Convergence 80 % - EU was funging regions with GDP per capita bellow 75 % (99 regions, but Prague)
    funded by ERDF, ESF, CF
  2. Regional competetiveness and employment 16 % - creations ofjob offers, suppoer of SMEs and education
    funded by ERDF, ESF
  3. European territorial cooperation 2.5 %
    funded by ERDF
  4. U projektů EU hradila až 85 % nákladů, pokud byl projekt spolufinancován z různých zdrojů (např. kraje, obce, soukromý sektor). Pokud byl projekt financován výhradně státem, EU poskytla pouze 40 % podpory.
26
Q

Europe 2014 - 2020 (3)

A
  1. €1,082B budget: Agriculture (50%), Regional Policy (33%).
  2. Funds: 70% less developed (HDP <75%), 11% transition (HDP 75–90%), 15% developed (HDP >90%).
  3. Focus: Innovation, jobs, climate, education, poverty reduction.
27
Q

Základní orgány EU (4)

A
  1. European Parliament
  2. European Commision
  3. European Council
  4. Council of Ministers
28
Q

European Parliament (4)

A
  1. Located in Brussel
  2. Directly elected by EU citizens
  3. Sharing legislative powers with the Council of Ministers
  4. 705 members
29
Q

European Commission (4)

A

Members: 27 independent members (1 from each country)
Function:
- proposes new legislations
- represents EU on te international stage
- administers and implements EU policies
- provides surveilance (dohled) of EU law in coordination with the EU court

30
Q

EUROPEAN COUNCIL (Rada) (3)

A
  1. Held atleast 4 times a year (summits)
  2. Highest political level body in the EU
  3. Sets the overall guigelines for EU policies - určuje směřování politiky EU
31
Q

Council of ministers (4)

A
  1. 1 represnetative for each member (27)
  2. Passes EU laws
  3. Approves EU budget
  4. Concludes international agreements
32
Q

EU acceptance criteria

A

Political: Stable institutions ensuring democracy, rule of law, human rights, and minority protection

Economic: Market economy ready for EU competition

Legal: Acceptance of EU law and obligations

33
Q

What are the 4 freedoms?

A

Free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital

34
Q

Main focus of EU (5)

A

Core Areas:
1. Free movement
2. economic policies
3. sectoral support (agriculture, industry, energy)
4. social and regional development
5. security, and innovation.

35
Q

Visegrad 4?

A

ČR, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia

» Activities aimed at strengthening stability in the Central European region

36
Q

What is place branding?

A

It’s about creating a strong identity that makes the place memorable and appealing to its target audience.

37
Q

Internal target group for territorial marketing (6+2)

A
  1. residents
  2. local business and institutions
  3. skilled employees
  4. NGOs
  5. local government
  6. students
  7. talents
  8. researchers
38
Q

External target group (3+2)

A
  1. F&D investors
  2. financial market entities
  3. international companies
  4. students
  5. researchers
39
Q

How did 1989 impact economy? (4)

A
  1. Open borders - companies must be competetive
  2. Business planning - efficiency
  3. market economy - need for technical innovation, no space for ineffective production
  4. labour market - ensure attractive wages and benefits
40
Q

what had privatization of stat business caused (3)

A
  1. Dissolution of big state-owned enterprises
  2. Foreign and Czech owners, fraud
  3. Privatization of banks problematic
41
Q

Who influences the business enviroment? (4)

A
  1. State
  2. institutions and agencies
  3. courts
  4. private entities
42
Q

What is NUTS?

A

=Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics

A system in the EU that divides countries into regions to compare them and support policies like development, funding, and economic analysis.

NUTS 0: Country level (7M +)
NUTS 1: Major socio-economic regions (3-7?)
NUTS 2: Basic regions for economic purpose (800k-3M)
NUTS 3: Small regions for detailed analysis (150 - 800k)

V rámci NUTS 0 (country) jsou 3 NUTS 1, v ramci tech 3 nuts 2, v rámci tech 3 NUTS 3

43
Q

Czech NUTS classification

A

NUTS 0 - state of Czechia
NUTS 1 - territory of the Czech Republic
NUTS 2 - refers to areas
NUTS 3 - refers to regiens, i.e. to 14 kraje

44
Q

types of regional disparities (3)

A

Territorial (physical) disparities
̶- geographical or natural conditions within the regions,

Economic disparities
- differences in the quality and/or quantity of the region’s output

Social disparities
- the income and/or standard of living of the population in the region

45
Q

Convergence?

A

catch-up effect

  • differences (disparities) among regions are decreasing
  • the economic level of individual regions is quite similar
46
Q

Divirgence?

A

= when richer regions grow faster than poorer

  • disparities between regions are increasing
  • the economic level of individual regions is more different
47
Q
A

MUNI (12 decks)

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