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zFunctional Anatomy > Regional and Systemic Anatomy > Flashcards

Regional and Systemic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main regions of the body?

A

head, neck, upper limbs, lower limbs, thoracic, abdomen, pelvis

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2
Q

What are the four planes of the body?

A

Coronal/frontal, transverse, sagittal, median

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3
Q

What is the median plane?

A

Mid-sagittal plane, runs down the middle of the body, splitting it in to left and right

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4
Q

What is the sagittal plane? What movements occur here?

A

Splits body into left and right. Flexion and extension occurs here.

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5
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

Splits body in to anterior and posterior. Abduction and adduction occurs here.

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6
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Splits the body into superior and interior. Rotation occurs here.

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7
Q

What are the three axes of the body?

A

Coronal, sagittal, longitudinal.

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8
Q

What is the coronal axis?

A

Includes extension and flexion in the sagittal plane.

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9
Q

What is the sagittal axis?

A

Includes adduction and abduction in the coronal plane.

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10
Q

What is the longitudinal axis?

A

Rotation in the transverse plane

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11
Q

What are the three sections of the body?

A

longitudinal, transverse, oblique

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12
Q

What is the longitudinal section of the body?

A

run length-ways or parallel to long axis of body

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13
Q

What is the transverse section of the body?

A

slices of the body cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body

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14
Q

What is the oblique section of the body?

A

not cut along the longitudinal or transverse sections

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15
Q

What is the difference between superior and inferior?

A 
Superior = towards the top/cranium
Inferior = towards the bottom/caudal
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16
Q

What is the difference between anterior and posterior?

A 
Anterior = front of the body
Posterior = back of the body
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17
Q

What is the difference between medial and lateral?

A 
Medial = towards middle/midline of the body
Lateral = away from the middle/midline of the body
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18
Q

What is the difference between proximal and distal?

A 
Proximal = close to trunk
Distal = away from trunk
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19
Q

What is the difference between prone and supine?

A 
Prone = facing downwards
Supine = facing upwards
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20
Q

What is the difference between ventral and dorsal?

A

ventral: towards the front
dorsal: towards the back

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21
Q

What is the difference between cephalad and caudal?

A 
cephalic = head (towards)
caudal = tail (towards)
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22
Q

What is bilateral?

A

Both sides

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23
Q

What is unilateral?

A

One side

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24
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

Same side

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25
Q

What is contralateral?

A

Opposite sides

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26
Q

What is the difference between flexion and extension?

A

flexion - bending, decreasing angle

extension - straightening, increasing the angle

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27
Q

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

A

abduction - away from midline

adduction - towards midline

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28
Q

What is the difference between protraction and retraction?

A

protraction - anterolateral movement of shoulder

retraction - posteromedial movement of shoulder

29
Q

What is the difference between elevation and depression?

A

elevation - superior movement

depression - inferior movement

30
Q

What is the difference between internal and external rotation?

A

internal - towards midline

external - away from midline

31
Q

What is circumduction?

A

sequential flexion abduction, extension, adduction (circular movement)

32
Q

What is the difference between inversion and eversion?

A

inversion - sole of foot towards median plane

eversion - sole of foot away from median plane

33
Q

What is the difference between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?

A

plantar flexion - toe up

dorsiflexion - toe down

34
Q

What is the difference between supination and pronation?

A

supination - rotating radius laterally, uncrossing from ulna

pronation - rotates radius medially

35
Q

What is opposition?

A

thumb to pad of another finger

36
Q

What is the difference between finger abduction and adduction?

A

abduction - away from middle finger

adduction - towards middle finger

37
Q

List three articular surface features of bone

A

facets/fovea, condyles, trochlea

38
Q

List three elevations of bone

A

process, spine, tubercle, crest, epicondyle, head

39
Q

List three depressions of bone

A

fossa, sulci, canals, apertures

40
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

41
Q

Features of fibrous joints

A

sutures of cranium, not much movement

42
Q

Features of cartilaginous joints

A

hyaline cartilage

primary (allows for bone growth) and secondary (inter-vertebral discs)

43
Q

Features of synovial joints

A

joint cavity: lined by synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid for lubrication
articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage, protection from friction
articular capsule: fibrous, provides stability and structure, thick parts = ligaments

44
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  • ball-and-socket
  • saddle
  • condyloid/ellipsoid
  • plane
  • pivot
  • hinge
45
Q

Ball-and-socket

A

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation
eg hip and shoulder

46
Q

Saddle

A

flexion and extension, adduction and abduction

eg thumb

47
Q

Condyloid/ellipsoid

A

rounded surface in a concave surface

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

48
Q

Hinge

A

flexion and extension in the sagittal plane

eg shoulder

49
Q

Pivot

A

rotation around a central axis

eg C2 and C3 vertebrae

50
Q

Plane

A

sliding and gliding

scapula and clavicle

51
Q

Isometric vs isotonic

A

Isometric: muscle changes length in relationship to production of movement
Isotonic: muscle length remains the same; no mvement occurs but firce is increased to resist gravity

52
Q

Concentric vs eccentric

A

Concentric: movement occurs as a result of muscle shortening
Eccentric: contracting muscle lengthens

53
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and visceral

54
Q

Skeletal muscle features

A

voluntary, striated, attached to bone to cause voluntary movement

55
Q

Cardiac muscle features

A

striated, involuntary, intercalated discs

56
Q

Visceral muscle features

A

involuntary, smooth, organs

57
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single motor neuron and the muscle fibres innervated by it

58
Q

Define agonist

A

main muscle/s responsible for movement

59
Q

Define antagonist

A

opposes action of agonist

60
Q

Define synergist

A

assists movement

61
Q

Define stabiliser/fixator

A

dynamic stabilisers of a joint

62
Q

Define shunt

A

resists dislocating forces

63
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue. Give a description for each.

A

Tendons: muscle to bone, epi+peri+endomyium
Aponeurosis: collagen as flat sheets which anchor muscle to skeleton
Fascia: covers most of the body deep to skin

64
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

65
Q

What type of matter is cell bodies and axons?

A

Cell bodies: gray matter

Axons: white matter

66
Q

Where is white and gray matter located in the spinal cord?

A

White = out, gray = in

67
Q

Other names for efferent nerves

A

motor, anterior

68
Q

Other names for afferent nerves

A

sensory, posterior

zFunctional Anatomy (10 decks)

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