Regional and Systemic Anatomy Flashcards
What are the main regions of the body?
head, neck, upper limbs, lower limbs, thoracic, abdomen, pelvis
What are the four planes of the body?
Coronal/frontal, transverse, sagittal, median
What is the median plane?
Mid-sagittal plane, runs down the middle of the body, splitting it in to left and right
What is the sagittal plane? What movements occur here?
Splits body into left and right. Flexion and extension occurs here.
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
Splits body in to anterior and posterior. Abduction and adduction occurs here.
What is the transverse plane?
Splits the body into superior and interior. Rotation occurs here.
What are the three axes of the body?
Coronal, sagittal, longitudinal.
What is the coronal axis?
Includes extension and flexion in the sagittal plane.
What is the sagittal axis?
Includes adduction and abduction in the coronal plane.
What is the longitudinal axis?
Rotation in the transverse plane
What are the three sections of the body?
longitudinal, transverse, oblique
What is the longitudinal section of the body?
run length-ways or parallel to long axis of body
What is the transverse section of the body?
slices of the body cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body
What is the oblique section of the body?
not cut along the longitudinal or transverse sections
What is the difference between superior and inferior?
Superior = towards the top/cranium Inferior = towards the bottom/caudal
What is the difference between anterior and posterior?
Anterior = front of the body Posterior = back of the body
What is the difference between medial and lateral?
Medial = towards middle/midline of the body Lateral = away from the middle/midline of the body
What is the difference between proximal and distal?
Proximal = close to trunk Distal = away from trunk
What is the difference between prone and supine?
Prone = facing downwards Supine = facing upwards
What is the difference between ventral and dorsal?
ventral: towards the front
dorsal: towards the back
What is the difference between cephalad and caudal?
cephalic = head (towards) caudal = tail (towards)
What is bilateral?
Both sides
What is unilateral?
One side
What is ipsilateral?
Same side
What is contralateral?
Opposite sides
What is the difference between flexion and extension?
flexion - bending, decreasing angle
extension - straightening, increasing the angle
What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
abduction - away from midline
adduction - towards midline
What is the difference between protraction and retraction?
protraction - anterolateral movement of shoulder
retraction - posteromedial movement of shoulder
What is the difference between elevation and depression?
elevation - superior movement
depression - inferior movement
What is the difference between internal and external rotation?
internal - towards midline
external - away from midline
What is circumduction?
sequential flexion abduction, extension, adduction (circular movement)
What is the difference between inversion and eversion?
inversion - sole of foot towards median plane
eversion - sole of foot away from median plane
What is the difference between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?
plantar flexion - toe up
dorsiflexion - toe down
What is the difference between supination and pronation?
supination - rotating radius laterally, uncrossing from ulna
pronation - rotates radius medially
What is opposition?
thumb to pad of another finger
What is the difference between finger abduction and adduction?
abduction - away from middle finger
adduction - towards middle finger
List three articular surface features of bone
facets/fovea, condyles, trochlea
List three elevations of bone
process, spine, tubercle, crest, epicondyle, head
List three depressions of bone
fossa, sulci, canals, apertures
What are the three types of joints?
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
Features of fibrous joints
sutures of cranium, not much movement
Features of cartilaginous joints
hyaline cartilage
primary (allows for bone growth) and secondary (inter-vertebral discs)
Features of synovial joints
joint cavity: lined by synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid for lubrication
articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage, protection from friction
articular capsule: fibrous, provides stability and structure, thick parts = ligaments
Types of synovial joints
- ball-and-socket
- saddle
- condyloid/ellipsoid
- plane
- pivot
- hinge
Ball-and-socket
flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation
eg hip and shoulder
Saddle
flexion and extension, adduction and abduction
eg thumb
Condyloid/ellipsoid
rounded surface in a concave surface
flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
Hinge
flexion and extension in the sagittal plane
eg shoulder
Pivot
rotation around a central axis
eg C2 and C3 vertebrae
Plane
sliding and gliding
scapula and clavicle
Isometric vs isotonic
Isometric: muscle changes length in relationship to production of movement
Isotonic: muscle length remains the same; no mvement occurs but firce is increased to resist gravity
Concentric vs eccentric
Concentric: movement occurs as a result of muscle shortening
Eccentric: contracting muscle lengthens
What are the three types of muscles?
Skeletal, cardiac and visceral
Skeletal muscle features
voluntary, striated, attached to bone to cause voluntary movement
Cardiac muscle features
striated, involuntary, intercalated discs
Visceral muscle features
involuntary, smooth, organs
What is a motor unit?
a single motor neuron and the muscle fibres innervated by it
Define agonist
main muscle/s responsible for movement
Define antagonist
opposes action of agonist
Define synergist
assists movement
Define stabiliser/fixator
dynamic stabilisers of a joint
Define shunt
resists dislocating forces
What are the three types of connective tissue. Give a description for each.
Tendons: muscle to bone, epi+peri+endomyium
Aponeurosis: collagen as flat sheets which anchor muscle to skeleton
Fascia: covers most of the body deep to skin
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What type of matter is cell bodies and axons?
Cell bodies: gray matter
Axons: white matter
Where is white and gray matter located in the spinal cord?
White = out, gray = in
Other names for efferent nerves
motor, anterior
Other names for afferent nerves
sensory, posterior
