REGENERATION IN THE MATURE NS

Question 1

WHAT IS UNDERSTANDING REGENERATION IMPORTANT FOR

Answer 1

SPINAL CORD INJURY
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
STROKE
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE

Question 2

THE CELLS THAT SET UP THE NS ALSO PRODUCE OLIGODENDROCYTES THAT GO ONTO FORM SCHWANN CELLS ALONG WHAT KIND OF AXONS

Answer 2

MYELINATED

Question 3

IF A CUT OR CRUSH OCCURS NEAR THE CELL BODY OF A PERIPHERAL NEURON WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELL

Answer 3

IT DIES

Question 4

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELL IF A CUT OR CRUSH FURTHER DOWN THE AXON

Answer 4

THE CELL BODY REORGANISES TO RE EXPRESS IMMATURE FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT AND MAY GET SOME CASES OF REGENERATION

Question 5

WHAT HAPPENS IF CUTS AND CRUSHES OCCUR NEAR THE DISTAL AXONS

Answer 5

WALLERIAN DEGENERATION

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS ON MUSCLE OF NERVE DAMAGE

Answer 6

MUSCLE ATROPHY CAUSES AS SITE OF DAMAGE DEGENERATES

REGENERATION WILL CAUSE REGROWTH OF MUSCLE FIBRES

Question 7

IN WHAT CASE WILL MUSCLE ATROPHY NOT OCCUR

Answer 7

EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL INPUT

Question 8

WHAT DOES REGENERATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES INVOLVE

Answer 8

1. MITOSIS OF SCHWANN CELLS (SUPPLY GF)
2. FORMATION OF BANDS OF BUNGNER (ROWS OF SCHWANN CELLS TO GUIDE AXONS)
3. REGROWTH ALONG DIVIDING SCHWANN CELLS
4. SPROUTING

Question 9

WHAH DOES REGENERATION OF NERVES IN THE CNS INVOLVE

Answer 9

1. SPROUTING FOLLOWED BY FAILED REGENERATION AND DEGENERATION
2. CYSTS AND GLIAL SCARS FORM
3. RECOVERY OF CONNECTIONS DIFFICULT

Question 10

WHAT ARE REGENERATION/RECOVERY OF NERVES SO DIFFERENT IN CNS AND PNS

Answer 10

OLIGODENDROCYTES IN THE CNS SO NOT POSSESS THE SAME PROPERTIES

Question 11

IN WHAT WAYS DO OLIGODENDROCYTES IN THE CNS NOT HAVE THE SAME PROPERTIES AS IN THE PNS

Answer 11

OLIGODENDROCYTES IN CNS PROLIFERATE UPON DAMAGE BUT ARE INHIBITORY TO REPAIR
THERE IS INHIBITORY MYELIN IN THE CNS OLIGODENDROCYTES
NOGO-A IN AN INHIBITORY PROTEIN

Question 12

IN VITRO, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CNS NEURONS ENCOUNTER OLIGODENDROCYTES

Answer 12

CNS NEURONS AVOID OLIGODENDROCYTES

Question 13

WHAT IMPROVES REGENERATION IN THE SPINAL CORD

Answer 13

ANTI NOGO

Question 14

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE REPAIR STRATEGIES IN THE CNS

Answer 14

SPINAL CORD BRIDGES

Question 15

WHAT ARE SPINAL CORD BRIDGES

Answer 15

BIOLOGICAL AND ARTIFICIAL BRIDGES MAY BE USED FILLED WITH GF, ECM , SYNTHETIC MATRIX

Question 16

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A PART OF THE CNS THAT DOES REGENERATE

Answer 16

THE EYE

Question 17

PIGMENTED …………….. AND SENSORY NEURONS IN THE RETINA DERIVE FROM THE NEURAL ………………………….. - IS DEVELOPMENTALLY PART OF THE ………………

Answer 17

RETINA
ECTODERM
CNS

Question 18

THE INNER LAYER OF THE OPTIC ……….. CONTAINS A …………… CELL LIKE POPULATION WHICH CAN EITHER SELF RENEW OR GIVE RISE TO DIVERSE ……………………. CELLS, INTERNEURONS OR LIGHT SENSITIVE ………………….. CELL IN THE NEURAL RETINA.

Answer 18

CUP
STEM
GANGLION
PHOTORECEPTOR

Question 19

LENS DERIVED FROM THE SURFACE ………………… INTO A ……………… THAT INVAGINATES AND SITS IN THE …………….. CUP

Answer 19

ECTODERM
PLACODE
OPTIC

Question 20

RETINAL STEM ……………… ARE REFERRED TO AS …………………
THESE …………. AND SOME MIGRATE AWAY TO BECOME ………………. CELLS. THE LAYER ARRAY OF NEURONS COME FORM PHASES OF ……………………… FATES.

Answer 20

CELLS
NEUROBLASTS
DIVIDE
GANGLION
DIFFERENTIAL

Question 21

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THHE RETINA

Answer 21

LIGHT 
OPTIC NERVE FIBRES
GANGLION CELL LAYER 
INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER
BIPOLAR NERVE LAYER
OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER
CELL BODIES OF PHOTORECEPTORS
RODS AND CONES OF PHOTORECEPTORS

Question 22

WHAT DO THE OUTER LAYERS OF THE OPTIC CUP CONTAINS

Answer 22

STEM AND PRGENITOR CELLS THAT GIVE RISE TO THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

Question 23

AT THE POTENTIAL POINT THAT THE STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS OF THE OUTER OPTIC CUP ARE DEPLETED/STOP PRODUCING, WHAT OCCURS

Answer 23

MACULAR DEGENERATIVE DISEASE

Question 24

THE LENS CONTAINS A THIRD STEM CELL ………………… THAT CAN CONTINUALLY GIVE RISE TO …………………….. LENS CELLS. DEPLETION OF THESES STEM CELLS CAUSES ……………………

Answer 24

POPULATION
SPECIALISED
CATARACTS

Question 25

WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT LENS CELLS

Answer 25

THROWS OUT ITS NUCLEUS AND TRANSCRIBES CRYSTALLIN PROTEIN

Question 26

WHAT ARE REPAIR STRATEGIES FOR STEM CELLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Answer 26

TRANSPLANTATION OF FOETAL CELLS

TRANSPLANTATION OF ESC OR IPP STEM CELLS