NEURAL INDUCTION Flashcards
IN WORMS, INSECTS AND VERTEBRATES, NEURAL PRECURSORS FIRM FORM AT THE SURFACE NEXT TO THE FUTURE ……………………
SKIN
A SIGNAL IS COMING FROM THE MESODERM ACTING ON THE …………………….. TO CHANGE THEIR IDENTITY TO BECOME ………………………..
ECTODERM
NEUROGENIC
HOW THE BODY DECIDES TO PUT ASIDE SIGNALS TO BECOME THE NEURAL PLATE DEPENDS ON WHAT
HOW MUCH BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN (BMP) IS OR IS NOT RECEIVED.
BMP4 IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA
DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP)
BMP1 IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA
TOLLOID
BMP7 IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA
SCREW
CHORDIN IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA
SHORT GASTRULATION
HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE A NEURAL FATE
WHEN BMP/DPP SIGNALLIN IS INHIBITED
IF BMP BINDS TO BMPR THE BMPR WILL BE PHOSPHORYLATED AND START OF A DOWNSTREAM CHAIN OF REACTIONS. WHAT PATHWAY ACTIVATOR IS ACTIVATED BY BMP
pSMAD157
IF CHORDIN BINDS WITH BMP WHAT HAPPENS
CHORDIN BINDS WITH BMP THEREFORE BMP CANNOT BIND WITH BMPR.
THIS WILL RESULT IN NEURAL IDENTITY
ABSENCE OF BMP CAUSES ………………… OF OTHER FACTORS
DEREPRESSION
IF BMP BINDS TO BMPR AND ACTIVATES THE pSMAD157 PATHWAY, WHAT HAPPENS
YOU WILL HAVE HIGH SMAD
THIS LEADS TO EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION
IF CHORDIN BINDS TO BMP AND THEREFORE CANNOT ACTIVATE THE pSMAD157 PATHWAY, WHAT HAPPENS
YOU WILL HAVE LOW SMAD
THIS STIMULATIONS TRANSCRIPTION OF SOX
THIS LEADS TO NEURAL DIFFERENTIATION
UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEURAL PLATE COMES FROM STUDIES OF WHAT ANIMAL MODEL
XENOPUS
IN XENOPUS THE 3 GERM LAYERS (ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM) FORMED FROM MITOTIC CLEAVAGES FORM WHAT SHAPE
HOLLOW BALL
IN HUMANS THE NEURAL PLATE IS WHAT SHAPE
A FLAT PLATE
THE MESODERM IN NOT ………………….
UNIFORM
IN XENOPUS, IN THE MESODERM, CELLS CALLED THE ORGANISER EXPRESS A SUBSET OF ………………………………. THAT ACTIVATE GENES IN THE ORGANISER TO ENCODE FOR …………………………………………….
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
BMP ANTAGONISTS
GIVE A EXAMPLES OF BMP ANTAGONISTS
CHORDIN, NOGGIN
WHAT ACTIVATES CHORDIN AND NOGGIN
GOOSECOID IS THE TRANSCIPTION FACTOR THAT ACTIVATES THESE GENES
SECRETION OF BMP ANTAGONISTS FROM THE ORGANISER DIFFUSE INTO THE ADJACENT ECTODERM, WHERE DIFFUSION IS HIGHEST, WHAT HAPPENS
THESE CELLS BECOME NEURAL
WHAT IS NEURAL INDUCTION
THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH THE NEURAL PLATE FORMS WHEN BMP IS INHIBITED FROM STIMULATING ITS RECEPTOR
IN CHICK AND HUMANS THE SPECIALISED REGION OF MESODERM IS CALLED WHAT
THE NODE
IN ORDER TO LOCALISE AND VISUALISE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES, WHAT METHOD SHOULD BE USED
IN SITU HYBRIDISATION
WHAT IS THE NEURAL PLATE
THE NEURAL PLATE IS A REGION OF CELLS INDUCED BY THE ANTAGONISTS SECRETED FROM THE ORGANISER/NODE
AFTER NEURAL INDUCTION THE CELLS OF THE ORGANISER DO WHAT
- DIFFERENTIATE
- CHANGE SHAPE
- INVOLUTE
- EXTEND
THESE EVENTS OCCUR ALONGSIDE PROLIFERATION
WHAT DOES THE ORGANISER DIFFERENTIATE INTO
ANTERIOR ENDODERM
PRECHORDAL MESODERM
NOTOCHORD (AXIAL MESODERM)
THE ANTERIOR ENDODERM AND PRECHORDAL MESODERM WILL GO ON TO PRODUCE WHAT
BRAIN LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
THE NOTOCHORD WILL GO ON TO PRODUCE WHAT
SPINAL CORD LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
WHAT TYPES OF STUDIES CAN WE DO TO PROVE THIS
GOF AND LOF STUDIES
AT WHAT LEVELS CAN GOF AND LOF STUDIES BE DONE
AT ALL LEVELS WHETHER CELLS/TISSUES/ GENES
HOW CAN WE SEE IF SOMETHING WILL TRANSFORM THE FATE OF SOMETHING ELSE
TRANSPLANT IT TO AN ECTOPIC LOCATION
HOW CAN BE SEE IF IT NOT A CELL BUT A PROTEIN THAT IS MADE BY SAID CELL
MAKE A PROTEIN SOAKED BEAD AND INSERT INTO AN ECTOPIC LOCATION
HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE A GENE IS DRIVING A CERTAIN FATE
INTRODUCE THE GENE INTO AN ECTOPIC CELL
HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE A SIGNALLING PATHWAY IS SUFFICIENT FOR A CERTAIN FATE
INTRODUCE A GENE ENCODING THE RECEPTOR
HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE IF A CELL HAS AN ACTION
ABLATE THE CELL
HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE IF A PROTEIN/GENE IS IMPORTANT
INHIBITION
GENE KNOCKOUT
INTERFERE WITH MRNA
HOW CAN WE LOOK AT A RECPETOR/PATHWAY
GENE KNOCKOUT
INTRODUCTION OF A DOMINANT NEGATIVE RECPETOR
WHAT IS A DOMINANT NEGATIVE RECEPTOR
INTRODUCTION OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF A NON FUNCTIONING RECEPTOR THEREFORE BINDS WITH PROTEIN TO NO RESPONSE
WHAT IS THE EXPERIMENTAL PROOF FOR NEURULATION BY THE ORGANISER
SPEMANN AND MANGOLD ORGANISER GRAFT
1. TOOK ORGANISER OF A DONOR EMBRYO
2. TRANSPLANTED INTO HOST EMBRYO IE NOW HAS TWO ORGANISERS
3. RESULTS IN TWO NEURAL PLATES AND AXES
4. TO DISTINGUISH, ONE NEWT WAS COLOURED AND THE OTHER ALBINO
5. THE NEW TISSUE DID NOT COME FROM THE DONOR BUT FROM THE HOST
THEREFORE THE HOST RESPONDED TO THE NEW SIGNALS
YOU WILL GET TWO RODS OF AXIAL MESODERM
