NEURAL INDUCTION

Question 1

IN WORMS, INSECTS AND VERTEBRATES, NEURAL PRECURSORS FIRM FORM AT THE SURFACE NEXT TO THE FUTURE ……………………

Answer 1

SKIN

Question 2

A SIGNAL IS COMING FROM THE MESODERM ACTING ON THE …………………….. TO CHANGE THEIR IDENTITY TO BECOME ………………………..

Answer 2

ECTODERM

NEUROGENIC

Question 3

HOW THE BODY DECIDES TO PUT ASIDE SIGNALS TO BECOME THE NEURAL PLATE DEPENDS ON WHAT

Answer 3

HOW MUCH BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN (BMP) IS OR IS NOT RECEIVED.

Question 4

BMP4 IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA

Answer 4

DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP)

Question 5

BMP1 IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA

Answer 5

TOLLOID

Question 6

BMP7 IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA

Answer 6

SCREW

Question 7

CHORDIN IN XENOPUS IS NAMED WHAT IN DROSOPHILA

Answer 7

SHORT GASTRULATION

Question 8

HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE A NEURAL FATE

Answer 8

WHEN BMP/DPP SIGNALLIN IS INHIBITED

Question 9

IF BMP BINDS TO BMPR THE BMPR WILL BE PHOSPHORYLATED AND START OF A DOWNSTREAM CHAIN OF REACTIONS. WHAT PATHWAY ACTIVATOR IS ACTIVATED BY BMP

Answer 9

pSMAD157

Question 10

IF CHORDIN BINDS WITH BMP WHAT HAPPENS

Answer 10

CHORDIN BINDS WITH BMP THEREFORE BMP CANNOT BIND WITH BMPR.

THIS WILL RESULT IN NEURAL IDENTITY

Question 11

ABSENCE OF BMP CAUSES ………………… OF OTHER FACTORS

Answer 11

DEREPRESSION

Question 12

IF BMP BINDS TO BMPR AND ACTIVATES THE pSMAD157 PATHWAY, WHAT HAPPENS

Answer 12

YOU WILL HAVE HIGH SMAD

THIS LEADS TO EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION

Question 13

IF CHORDIN BINDS TO BMP AND THEREFORE CANNOT ACTIVATE THE pSMAD157 PATHWAY, WHAT HAPPENS

Answer 13

YOU WILL HAVE LOW SMAD
THIS STIMULATIONS TRANSCRIPTION OF SOX
THIS LEADS TO NEURAL DIFFERENTIATION

Question 14

UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEURAL PLATE COMES FROM STUDIES OF WHAT ANIMAL MODEL

Answer 14

XENOPUS

Question 15

IN XENOPUS THE 3 GERM LAYERS (ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM) FORMED FROM MITOTIC CLEAVAGES FORM WHAT SHAPE

Answer 15

HOLLOW BALL

Question 16

IN HUMANS THE NEURAL PLATE IS WHAT SHAPE

Answer 16

A FLAT PLATE

Question 17

THE MESODERM IN NOT ………………….

Answer 17

UNIFORM

Question 18

IN XENOPUS, IN THE MESODERM, CELLS CALLED THE ORGANISER EXPRESS A SUBSET OF ………………………………. THAT ACTIVATE GENES IN THE ORGANISER TO ENCODE FOR …………………………………………….

Answer 18

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

BMP ANTAGONISTS

Question 19

GIVE A EXAMPLES OF BMP ANTAGONISTS

Answer 19

CHORDIN, NOGGIN

Question 20

WHAT ACTIVATES CHORDIN AND NOGGIN

Answer 20

GOOSECOID IS THE TRANSCIPTION FACTOR THAT ACTIVATES THESE GENES

Question 21

SECRETION OF BMP ANTAGONISTS FROM THE ORGANISER DIFFUSE INTO THE ADJACENT ECTODERM, WHERE DIFFUSION IS HIGHEST, WHAT HAPPENS

Answer 21

THESE CELLS BECOME NEURAL

Question 22

WHAT IS NEURAL INDUCTION

Answer 22

THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH THE NEURAL PLATE FORMS WHEN BMP IS INHIBITED FROM STIMULATING ITS RECEPTOR

Question 23

IN CHICK AND HUMANS THE SPECIALISED REGION OF MESODERM IS CALLED WHAT

Answer 23

THE NODE

Question 24

IN ORDER TO LOCALISE AND VISUALISE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES, WHAT METHOD SHOULD BE USED

Answer 24

IN SITU HYBRIDISATION

Question 25

WHAT IS THE NEURAL PLATE

Answer 25

THE NEURAL PLATE IS A REGION OF CELLS INDUCED BY THE ANTAGONISTS SECRETED FROM THE ORGANISER/NODE

Question 26

AFTER NEURAL INDUCTION THE CELLS OF THE ORGANISER DO WHAT

Answer 26

1. DIFFERENTIATE
2. CHANGE SHAPE
3. INVOLUTE
4. EXTEND
   THESE EVENTS OCCUR ALONGSIDE PROLIFERATION

Question 27

WHAT DOES THE ORGANISER DIFFERENTIATE INTO

Answer 27

ANTERIOR ENDODERM
PRECHORDAL MESODERM
NOTOCHORD (AXIAL MESODERM)

Question 28

THE ANTERIOR ENDODERM AND PRECHORDAL MESODERM WILL GO ON TO PRODUCE WHAT

Answer 28

BRAIN LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Question 29

THE NOTOCHORD WILL GO ON TO PRODUCE WHAT

Answer 29

SPINAL CORD LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Question 30

WHAT TYPES OF STUDIES CAN WE DO TO PROVE THIS

Answer 30

GOF AND LOF STUDIES

Question 31

AT WHAT LEVELS CAN GOF AND LOF STUDIES BE DONE

Answer 31

AT ALL LEVELS WHETHER CELLS/TISSUES/ GENES

Question 32

HOW CAN WE SEE IF SOMETHING WILL TRANSFORM THE FATE OF SOMETHING ELSE

Answer 32

TRANSPLANT IT TO AN ECTOPIC LOCATION

Question 33

HOW CAN BE SEE IF IT NOT A CELL BUT A PROTEIN THAT IS MADE BY SAID CELL

Answer 33

MAKE A PROTEIN SOAKED BEAD AND INSERT INTO AN ECTOPIC LOCATION

Question 34

HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE A GENE IS DRIVING A CERTAIN FATE

Answer 34

INTRODUCE THE GENE INTO AN ECTOPIC CELL

Question 35

HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE A SIGNALLING PATHWAY IS SUFFICIENT FOR A CERTAIN FATE

Answer 35

INTRODUCE A GENE ENCODING THE RECEPTOR

Question 36

HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE IF A CELL HAS AN ACTION

Answer 36

ABLATE THE CELL

Question 37

HOW CAN WE CONCLUDE IF A PROTEIN/GENE IS IMPORTANT

Answer 37

INHIBITION
GENE KNOCKOUT
INTERFERE WITH MRNA

Question 38

HOW CAN WE LOOK AT A RECPETOR/PATHWAY

Answer 38

GENE KNOCKOUT

INTRODUCTION OF A DOMINANT NEGATIVE RECPETOR

Question 39

WHAT IS A DOMINANT NEGATIVE RECEPTOR

Answer 39

INTRODUCTION OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF A NON FUNCTIONING RECEPTOR THEREFORE BINDS WITH PROTEIN TO NO RESPONSE

Question 40

WHAT IS THE EXPERIMENTAL PROOF FOR NEURULATION BY THE ORGANISER

Answer 40

SPEMANN AND MANGOLD ORGANISER GRAFT
1. TOOK ORGANISER OF A DONOR EMBRYO
2. TRANSPLANTED INTO HOST EMBRYO IE NOW HAS TWO ORGANISERS
3. RESULTS IN TWO NEURAL PLATES AND AXES
4. TO DISTINGUISH, ONE NEWT WAS COLOURED AND THE OTHER ALBINO
5. THE NEW TISSUE DID NOT COME FROM THE DONOR BUT FROM THE HOST
THEREFORE THE HOST RESPONDED TO THE NEW SIGNALS
YOU WILL GET TWO RODS OF AXIAL MESODERM