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BMS249 DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY > NEURULATION, NEURAL CREST FORMATION > Flashcards

NEURULATION, NEURAL CREST FORMATION Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT OCCURS AS THE NEURAL PLATE GROWS AND ELONGATES ALONG THE AP AXIS

A

IT ALSO ROLLS UP INTO THE NEURAL TUBE

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2
Q

WHICH REGION OF THE NEURAL TUBE CLOSES FIRST

A

THE MIDDLE REGION CLOSES FIRST, THE A AND P REGIONS CLOSE AFTER

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3
Q

WHAT CONDITION ARISES IF THE A REGION DOES NOT CLOSE PROPERLY

A

ANENCEPHALY

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4
Q

WHAT CONDITION ARISES IF THE P REGION DOES NOT CLOSE PROPERLY

A

SPINA BIFIDA

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5
Q

WHAT IS NEURULATION

A

FOMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE FROM THE NEURAL PLATE

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6
Q

WHAT IS MEANT BY POLARISATION IN RELATION TO THE NEUREPITHELIA

A

THERE ARE DIFFERENT ON THE APICAL MEMBRANE COMPARED TO THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE

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7
Q

IN WHAT WAY IS NEUREPITHELIA POLARISED

A

ON THE APICAL MEMBRANE IS A BAND OF F ACTIN WHICH, WHEN MOLECULES INTERACT WITH IT, IT CHANGES SHAPE

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8
Q

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MOLECULE THAT INTERACTS WITH F ACTIN TO CHANGE SHAPE

A

FOLATE

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9
Q

FOLIC ACID IS IMPORTANT FOR THE PREVENTION OF WHAT

A

SPINA BIFIDA IE CLOSURE OF NEURAL TUBE

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10
Q

IN THE NEURAL TUBE OF AN EARLY EMBRYO WHAT IS EXPRESSED

A

DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WILL BE EXPRESSED ALONG THE AP AXIS
DIFFERENT SIGNALS ARE COMING FROM THE ANTERIOR ENDODERM, PRECHORDAL MESODERM AND NOTOCHORD

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11
Q

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF AN EARLY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EXPRESSED AT DIFFERNT POINT OF THE AP AXIS OF THE NEURAL TUBE

A 
OTX2  ANTERIORLY (TOWARDS BRAIN) 
GBX2 POSTERIORLY (TOWARDS SPINAL CORD)
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12
Q

WHAT IS THE ACTIVATION TRANSFORMATION MODEL

A
  1. INITIALLY ENTIRE NEURAL PLATE IS BRAIN LIKE UNDER THE INFLEUENCE OF THE AE AND PM
  2. THE NOTOCHORD SIGNALS CAUSE CELLS POSTERIORLY TO PROLIFERATE AND TRANSFORM TO A POSTERIOR IDENTITY IE TURN ON THE TFS THAT DICTATE POSTERIOR IDENTITY
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13
Q

WHAT ARE THE TF THAT ARE EXPRESSED ANTERIORLY (PM,AE) TO GIVE BRAIN LIKE IDENTITY

A

RETINOIC ACID ANTAGONISTS
FGF ANTAGONISTS
WNT ANTAGONISTS

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE TF THAT ARE EXPRESSED POSTERIORLY (AM/NOTOCHORD) TO GIVE SPINAL CORD LIKE IDENTITY

A

RETINOIC ACID
FGF
WNT

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15
Q

HOW DO WE TRANSFORM THESE GRADIENTS OF TF INTO SEGMENTS

WHAT ARE THE TWO MODELS

A
  1. ALAN TURING REACTION DIFFUSION MODEL

2. LEWIS WOLPERT FRENCH FLAG MODEL

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE LEWIS WOLPERT FRENCH FLAG MODEL

A

THE GRADIENT OF A TF INDUCES DISCRETE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION THAT THEN DICTATE SEGMENTAL NEURONAL IDENTITIES ALONG AS AXIS

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17
Q

WHAT DICTATES THE SEGMENTAL NEURONAL IDENTITIES ALONG THE AP AXIS

A

A GRADIENT OF RETINOIC ACID INDUCES DISCRETE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HOX GENE TRANSCRIPTION

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18
Q

HOW DO YOU CHANGE A DIFFUSION GRADIENT INTO DISCRETE UNITS

A

SPECIFIC CONCENTRATIONS ALONG AN AXIS WILL INDUCE DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

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19
Q

WHAT DOES INTERACTION OF HINDBRAIN AND FOREBRAIN CAUSE

A

AT THE BOUNDARY, MIDBRAIN CELLS ARE FORMED BETWEEN THE TWO

20
Q

THE FOREBRAIN (PROSENCEPHALON) FURTHER REGIONALISES INTO WHAT

A

TELENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON

21
Q

THE MID BRAIN (MESENCEPHALON) GOES ON TO PRODUCE WHAT

A

TECTUM

FIBRE TRACTS

22
Q

THE HIND BRAIN (RHOMBENCEPHALON) FURTHER REGIONALISES INTO WHAT

A

METENCEPHALON

MYELENCEPAHLON

23
Q

WHAT DOES THE TELENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

A

OLFACTORY LOBES
HIPPOCAMPUS
CEREBRUM

24
Q

WHAT DOES THE DIENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

A

RETINA
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS

25
Q

WHAT DOES THE METENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

A

CEREBELLUM

PONS

26
Q

WHAT DOES THE MYELENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

A

MEDULLA

27
Q

WHAT DOES THE NODE SECRETE

A

BMP ANTAGONISTS

28
Q

CELLS THAT RECEIVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME WHAT

A

NEURAL

29
Q

CELLS THAT RECEIVE ‘SOME’ BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME WHAT

A

NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS

30
Q

WHY DO CELLS THAT RECEIVE HIGH LEVELS OF BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME NEURAL

A

DUE TO INDUCTION OF SOX2

31
Q

AS NEURULATION OCCURS WHAT BECOMES THE NEW ORIENTATION OF THE NEURAL PLATE CELLS

A

THEY WILL BECOME THE MOST DORSAL STRUCTURE

32
Q

WHAT DO THE NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS BECOME

A

ROOF PLATE

33
Q

AT THE BORDER OF THE NEURAL PLATE AND ECTODERM WHERE THERE IS ‘SOME’ BMP ANTAGONSITS, WHAT DOES THIS INDUCE

A

MSX

34
Q

WHAT DOES MSX INDUCE (ALONG WITH WNTS, FGF)

A

PAX 3
ZIC 1
PAX 7

35
Q

WHAT IS THE ROOF PLATE IMPORTANT FOR

A

DORSAL PATTERNING

36
Q

SOME NEURAL PLATE CELLS WILL MIGRATE AWAY BECOMING MESENCHYMAL TYPE CELLS CALLED WAHT

A

NEURAL CREST CELLS

37
Q

NEURAL CREST CELLS WHAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

A

CMYC
ID
SNAIL

38
Q

WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF NEURAL CREST CELLS AS A RESULT OF CMYC ID AND SNAIL

A

STEM CELL LIKE BEHAVIOURS

39
Q

WHAT DOES CMYC DO

A

CAUSES PROLIFERATION

40
Q

WHAT DOES ID DO

A

CAUSES MULTIPOTENCY

41
Q

WHAT DOES SNAIL DO

A

IN HIGH CONC. CAUSES EPITHLIAL TO MESECHYMAL TRANSITION

42
Q

ONCE THE NEURAL CREST CELLS HAVE MIGRATED WHAT HAPPENS

A

THE NEURAL TUBE CLOSES

43
Q

WHAT DO NEURAL CREST CELLS GIVE RISE TO

A

SOMITES, SENSORY SYSTEM, SNS, PNS, ADRENAL SYSTEM, SMOOTH MUSCLE, OSTEOBLASTS, ADIPOCYTES, SCHWANN CELLS ETC

44
Q

WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF THEY PROLIFERATIVE NATURE OF WAHT WAS ONCE NEURAL CREST CELLS

A

MANY ADULT CANCERS DERIVE FROM THEM

45
Q

NEURAL CREST CELL TYPES ARE DETERMINED BY WHAT

A

POSITION OF ORIGIN (PARTLY HOX)
TIME OF GENERATION
MIGRATORY PATHWAY

46
Q 
WHAT TYPE OF CELL DO TF
PAX 3 
ZIC 1
PAX 7
CHARACTERISE
A

NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS

47
Q

WNT SIGNALS AND NPB TF UPREGULATE WHAT TFS THAT CHARACTERISE NEURAL CREST CELLS

A

CMYC
ID
SNAIL

BMS249 DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY (14 decks)

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