NEURULATION, NEURAL CREST FORMATION Flashcards
WHAT OCCURS AS THE NEURAL PLATE GROWS AND ELONGATES ALONG THE AP AXIS
IT ALSO ROLLS UP INTO THE NEURAL TUBE
WHICH REGION OF THE NEURAL TUBE CLOSES FIRST
THE MIDDLE REGION CLOSES FIRST, THE A AND P REGIONS CLOSE AFTER
WHAT CONDITION ARISES IF THE A REGION DOES NOT CLOSE PROPERLY
ANENCEPHALY
WHAT CONDITION ARISES IF THE P REGION DOES NOT CLOSE PROPERLY
SPINA BIFIDA
WHAT IS NEURULATION
FOMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE FROM THE NEURAL PLATE
WHAT IS MEANT BY POLARISATION IN RELATION TO THE NEUREPITHELIA
THERE ARE DIFFERENT ON THE APICAL MEMBRANE COMPARED TO THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE
IN WHAT WAY IS NEUREPITHELIA POLARISED
ON THE APICAL MEMBRANE IS A BAND OF F ACTIN WHICH, WHEN MOLECULES INTERACT WITH IT, IT CHANGES SHAPE
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MOLECULE THAT INTERACTS WITH F ACTIN TO CHANGE SHAPE
FOLATE
FOLIC ACID IS IMPORTANT FOR THE PREVENTION OF WHAT
SPINA BIFIDA IE CLOSURE OF NEURAL TUBE
IN THE NEURAL TUBE OF AN EARLY EMBRYO WHAT IS EXPRESSED
DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WILL BE EXPRESSED ALONG THE AP AXIS
DIFFERENT SIGNALS ARE COMING FROM THE ANTERIOR ENDODERM, PRECHORDAL MESODERM AND NOTOCHORD
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF AN EARLY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EXPRESSED AT DIFFERNT POINT OF THE AP AXIS OF THE NEURAL TUBE
OTX2 ANTERIORLY (TOWARDS BRAIN) GBX2 POSTERIORLY (TOWARDS SPINAL CORD)
WHAT IS THE ACTIVATION TRANSFORMATION MODEL
- INITIALLY ENTIRE NEURAL PLATE IS BRAIN LIKE UNDER THE INFLEUENCE OF THE AE AND PM
- THE NOTOCHORD SIGNALS CAUSE CELLS POSTERIORLY TO PROLIFERATE AND TRANSFORM TO A POSTERIOR IDENTITY IE TURN ON THE TFS THAT DICTATE POSTERIOR IDENTITY
WHAT ARE THE TF THAT ARE EXPRESSED ANTERIORLY (PM,AE) TO GIVE BRAIN LIKE IDENTITY
RETINOIC ACID ANTAGONISTS
FGF ANTAGONISTS
WNT ANTAGONISTS
WHAT ARE THE TF THAT ARE EXPRESSED POSTERIORLY (AM/NOTOCHORD) TO GIVE SPINAL CORD LIKE IDENTITY
RETINOIC ACID
FGF
WNT
HOW DO WE TRANSFORM THESE GRADIENTS OF TF INTO SEGMENTS
WHAT ARE THE TWO MODELS
- ALAN TURING REACTION DIFFUSION MODEL
2. LEWIS WOLPERT FRENCH FLAG MODEL
WHAT IS THE LEWIS WOLPERT FRENCH FLAG MODEL
THE GRADIENT OF A TF INDUCES DISCRETE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION THAT THEN DICTATE SEGMENTAL NEURONAL IDENTITIES ALONG AS AXIS
WHAT DICTATES THE SEGMENTAL NEURONAL IDENTITIES ALONG THE AP AXIS
A GRADIENT OF RETINOIC ACID INDUCES DISCRETE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HOX GENE TRANSCRIPTION
HOW DO YOU CHANGE A DIFFUSION GRADIENT INTO DISCRETE UNITS
SPECIFIC CONCENTRATIONS ALONG AN AXIS WILL INDUCE DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
WHAT DOES INTERACTION OF HINDBRAIN AND FOREBRAIN CAUSE
AT THE BOUNDARY, MIDBRAIN CELLS ARE FORMED BETWEEN THE TWO
THE FOREBRAIN (PROSENCEPHALON) FURTHER REGIONALISES INTO WHAT
TELENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON
THE MID BRAIN (MESENCEPHALON) GOES ON TO PRODUCE WHAT
TECTUM
FIBRE TRACTS
THE HIND BRAIN (RHOMBENCEPHALON) FURTHER REGIONALISES INTO WHAT
METENCEPHALON
MYELENCEPAHLON
WHAT DOES THE TELENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM
OLFACTORY LOBES
HIPPOCAMPUS
CEREBRUM
WHAT DOES THE DIENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM
RETINA
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
WHAT DOES THE METENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM
CEREBELLUM
PONS
WHAT DOES THE MYELENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM
MEDULLA
WHAT DOES THE NODE SECRETE
BMP ANTAGONISTS
CELLS THAT RECEIVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME WHAT
NEURAL
CELLS THAT RECEIVE ‘SOME’ BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME WHAT
NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS
WHY DO CELLS THAT RECEIVE HIGH LEVELS OF BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME NEURAL
DUE TO INDUCTION OF SOX2
AS NEURULATION OCCURS WHAT BECOMES THE NEW ORIENTATION OF THE NEURAL PLATE CELLS
THEY WILL BECOME THE MOST DORSAL STRUCTURE
WHAT DO THE NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS BECOME
ROOF PLATE
AT THE BORDER OF THE NEURAL PLATE AND ECTODERM WHERE THERE IS ‘SOME’ BMP ANTAGONSITS, WHAT DOES THIS INDUCE
MSX
WHAT DOES MSX INDUCE (ALONG WITH WNTS, FGF)
PAX 3
ZIC 1
PAX 7
WHAT IS THE ROOF PLATE IMPORTANT FOR
DORSAL PATTERNING
SOME NEURAL PLATE CELLS WILL MIGRATE AWAY BECOMING MESENCHYMAL TYPE CELLS CALLED WAHT
NEURAL CREST CELLS
NEURAL CREST CELLS WHAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
CMYC
ID
SNAIL
WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF NEURAL CREST CELLS AS A RESULT OF CMYC ID AND SNAIL
STEM CELL LIKE BEHAVIOURS
WHAT DOES CMYC DO
CAUSES PROLIFERATION
WHAT DOES ID DO
CAUSES MULTIPOTENCY
WHAT DOES SNAIL DO
IN HIGH CONC. CAUSES EPITHLIAL TO MESECHYMAL TRANSITION
ONCE THE NEURAL CREST CELLS HAVE MIGRATED WHAT HAPPENS
THE NEURAL TUBE CLOSES
WHAT DO NEURAL CREST CELLS GIVE RISE TO
SOMITES, SENSORY SYSTEM, SNS, PNS, ADRENAL SYSTEM, SMOOTH MUSCLE, OSTEOBLASTS, ADIPOCYTES, SCHWANN CELLS ETC
WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF THEY PROLIFERATIVE NATURE OF WAHT WAS ONCE NEURAL CREST CELLS
MANY ADULT CANCERS DERIVE FROM THEM
NEURAL CREST CELL TYPES ARE DETERMINED BY WHAT
POSITION OF ORIGIN (PARTLY HOX)
TIME OF GENERATION
MIGRATORY PATHWAY
WHAT TYPE OF CELL DO TF PAX 3 ZIC 1 PAX 7 CHARACTERISE
NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS
WNT SIGNALS AND NPB TF UPREGULATE WHAT TFS THAT CHARACTERISE NEURAL CREST CELLS
CMYC
ID
SNAIL
