DEVELOPMENT OF NT

Question 1

SYNAPSES AS WELL AS CELLS ARE LOST DURING DEVELOPMENT. WHOSE THEORY WAS THIS

Answer 1

VICTOR HAMBURGER

Question 2

MOTOR NEURONS INITIALLY INNERVATE ……………………… MUSCLE FIBRES AND EACH FIBRE RECEIVES MULTIPLE ……………….
THIS IS POLYINNERVATION
IN MATURE MUSCLE, FIBRES RECEIVE INPUT FROM A ………………….. MOTOR NEURON. THIS IS ………………………………………….

Answer 2

MULTIPLE
INPUTS
SINGLE
MONOINNERVATION

Question 3

OVER DEVELOPMENT, SYNAPSES ARE …………………………. AND AXONS …………………………
THIS IS THROUGH ………..-……………………….. COMPETITION BETWEEN SYNAPSES

Answer 3

ELIMINATED
RETRACT
NON RANDOM

Question 4

SYNAPTIC COMPETITION IS ACTIVITY ………………….

Answer 4

DEPENDENT

Question 5

IF WE ADD TETRODOTOXIN TO SYNAPSES WHAT DO WE SEE IN THE % POLYINNERVATION OVER TIME

Answer 5

YOU SEE REDUCTION IN SYNAPSE LOSS

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE DETERMINANTS OF SURVIVAL

Answer 6

1. COORDINATED ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN PRE AND POST SYNAPTIC CELLS
2. PUNISHMENT AND REWARD SIGNALS OF NEUROTROPHINS

Question 7

HOW DO WE KNOW THAT A DETERMINANT OF SURVIVAL INCLUDES COORDINATED ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

Answer 7

DELIBERATE NON COORDINATED FIRING INCREASES THE RATE OF SYNAPSE LOSS

Question 8

WHAT IS THE PUNISHMENT REWARDS SYSTEM THAT DETERMINES SURVIVAL OF SYNAPSES

Answer 8

NEUROTROPHINS ARE EXPRESSED IN THE NMJ
THEY EXIST IN THE NMJ IN PRO AND CLEAVED FORMS
CLEAVED FORM TRIGGERS SYNAPTIC POTENTIATION AND MATURATION THROUGH TRKB SIGNALLING
THE PRO FORM SUPPRESSES SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND CAUSES AXON RETRACTION BY BY P75NTR SIGNALLING
BLOCKAGE OF P75NTR PREVENTS SYNAPSE ELIMINATION

Question 9

WHAT IS HEBBIAN THEORY

Answer 9

COORDINATED ACTIVITY OF A PRE SYNAPTIC TERMINAL AND POST SYNAPTIC NEURON STRENGTHENS THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THEM

Question 10

WHAT IS ROLE OF THE REWARD AND PUNISHMENT

Answer 10

REFINEMENT AND FOCUS OF CNS AND PNS CONNECTIONS

Question 11

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF FOCUSSING

Answer 11

OCULAR DOMINANCE COLUMNS IN LAYER 4 OF THE CORTEX

Question 12

EXPLAIN OCULAR DOMINANCE COLUMNS

Answer 12

SEGREGATION OF LGN INPUTS TO LAYER 4 OF THE VISUAL CORTEX INTO EYE SPECIFIC COLUMNS
DEMONSTRATED BY INJECTING RADIOACTIVE AMINO ACIDS INTO ONE EYE OF AN ANIMAL
REVEALS IN THE LGN INPUTS FROM DIFFERENT EYES ARE IN DIFFERENT LAYERS IE STRIPES WHICH ARE EYE SPECIFIC
REPETITION OF THIS EXPERIMENT ACROSS DIFFERENT POINTS OF DEVELOPMENT SHOWS VISUAL CORTEX COLUMNS BECOME APPARENT AFTER EYE OPENING
BY PREVENTING ONE EYE OPENING DURING DEVELOPMENT RESULTS IN MOST CELLS RESPONDING TO LIGHT ARE IN ONE EYE AND SO THE STRIPES ARE NOT EQUAL

Question 13

THE MECHANISMS OPERATING IN …………………………….. SEEM SIMILAR TO THAT OF LEARNING AND ……………………. IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
…………………. FREQUENCY STIMULATION OF THE PRE SYNAPTIC CELL RESULTS IN ………………… LASTING INCREASED POST SYNAPTIC RESPONSE TO INDUCED …………………… POTENTIALS. LOW ………………………. STIMULATION OF THE PRESYNAPTIC CELL RESULTS IN ……………….. LASTING DECREASED POST SYNAPTIC RESPONSE TO INDUCED ACTION ……………………….

Answer 13

DEVELOPMENT
MEMORY
HIGH 
LONG 
ACTION
FREQUENCY
LONG
POTENTIALS

Question 14

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF NMDA AS A COINCIDENCE DETECTOR

Answer 14

HIPPOCAMPAL PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS ARE GLUTAMATERGIC
POST SYNAPTIC CELLS HAVE TWO TYPES OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS:AMPA AND NMDA
IF ENOUGH SODIUM FLOWS THROUGH AMPA IN RESPONSE TO THE RELEASE OF GLUTAMATE, NMDA RECEPTOR CHANNELS ARE UNBLOCKED RELEASING CALCIUM SIGNALS IN THE CELL

THEREFORE IT IS A COINCIDENCE DETECTOR BECAUSE IT IS ACTIVATED IN RESPONSE TO PRE SYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE AND POST SYNAPTIC AP

Question 15

AS A RESULT OF THE COINCIDENCE DETECTOR, WHAT OCCURS

Answer 15

CALCIUM SIGNALLING TRIGGERS A NUMBER OF EVENTS CONTRIBUTING TO SYNAPTIC POTENTIATION

1. POST SYNAPTIC CHANGES TO AMPA RECEPTOR NUMBERS AND RESPONSIVENESS
2. INCREASE IN SYNAPTIC SIZE
3. PRE SYNAPTIC CHANGES IN NT RELEASE UDE TO RETROGRADE SIGNALS

Question 16

MANY OF THE TF THAT DICTATE THE ………………………. TYPE REMAIN …….. IN UNDIFFERENTIATED NEURONS. TF DICTATE WHICH GENES ARE ……………………. AND SO ALSO THE SET OF ……………………….. MADE AND SO THE ……………………………. OF THE MATURE NEURON SUCH AS WHETHER IT WILL BE ………………………./EXCITATORY

Answer 16

NEURONAL
ON
EXPRESSED
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
BEHAVIOURS
INHIBITORY

Question 17

THE INTERACTIONS WITH …………………. CAN ALSO CHANGE THE ………………… OF THE MATURE ……………………..
TARGET DERIVED ………………….. ARE CRITICAL IN FORMATION OF THE …………………….. STRETCH REFLEX BETWEEN MOTOR NEURONS AND PROPRIOCEPTIVE 1…. SENSORY NEURONS

Answer 17

TARGETS
FEATURES
NEURON
FACTORS
MONOSYNAPTIC
A

Question 18

MOTOR NEURONS INNERVATING THE TRICEPS AND PECTORAL MUSCLES DEVELOP ………………………………. CONNECTIONS THAT ARE DIRECT WITH THE ………..
MOTOR NEURONS INNERVATING THE CUTANEOUS MAXIMUS AND LATTISIMUS……………… RECEIVE ………………………. INPUT FROM ……………………
THIS DIFFERENCE IS CONTROLLED BY GLIA …………………. NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR …………………… FROM THE CUTANEOUS MAXIMUS AND LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLES WHICH TURNS ON ……………. IN THE MOTOR NEURONS

Answer 18

MONOSYNAPTIC
PNS
DORSI
POLYSYNAPTIC
INTERNEURONS
DERIVED
PEA3

Question 19

IF PEA3 WERE KNOCKED OUT IN THE CUTANEOUS MAXIMUS MUSCLE WHAT WOULD BE THE RESULT

Answer 19

WOULD NOT BE POLYSYNAPTIC

Question 20

CIRCUIT COMPLETION RELIES ON …………………. FEEDBACK
EG MUSCLE EXPRESSED ……………. INDUCES TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR …………….. BY 1A PROPRIOCEPTORS
ER81 KO MEANS FAILURE OF 1A CENTRAL PROJECTION TO REACH …………………. HORN AND FORM MONOSYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS. THIS IS A KIND OF QUALITY CONTROL.

Answer 20

TARGET
NT3
ER81
VENTRAL

Question 21

TARGETS MAY ALSO DEPEND ON INPUTS, GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS

Answer 21

MUSCLE SPINDLES NEED SENSORY INPUT TO DIFFERENTIATE

Question 22

WHAT IS MEANT BY FUNCTION PROPERTY MATURATION IN SYNAPSES

Answer 22

1. SOME PROPERTIES OF SYNAPSES CHANGE AS TARGETS MATURE

2. SOME CHANGES ARE TARGET INDEPENDENT AND NEURONAL EXCITABILITY CHANGES AS NEURONS MATURE

Question 23

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF SYNAPSES CHANGING AS A TARGET MATURES

Answer 23

SWEAT GLAND MOTOR INPUT CHANGES FROM BEING NORADRENERGIC TO CHOLINERGIC AS THE GLANDS MATURE