CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLAR CORTICES

Question 1

WHAT ARE THE TWO OPTIONS OF A NEURON

Answer 1

STAY PUT

MIGRATE

Question 2

WHAT TYPES OF MIGRATION ARE THERE

Answer 2

TANGENTIAL

RADIAL

Question 3

HOW MANY CELLS THICK IS THE NEUROEPITHELIUM

Answer 3

1 CELL

Question 4

WHY DOES THE NEUROEPITHLIUM APPEAR AS IF IT HAS MANY LAYERS

Answer 4

THE CELL IS PSEUDOSTRATIFIED IN NATURE (THEIR NUCLEI MOVE UP AND DOWN)

Question 5

MOVEMENT OF THE NUCLEUS UP AND DOWN IN THE NEUROEPITHELIUM IS CALLED WHAT

Answer 5

INTERKINETIC NUCLEAR MIGRATIONS (A TYPE OF RADIAL MIGRATION)

Question 6

NEUROEPITHELIA GO THORUGH DIFFERENT CELL ……………………… PHASES AS THEIR NUCLEI MOVE UP AND DOWN. M PHASE OCCURS ……………. AND S PHASE OCCURS ………………………..

Answer 6

CYCLE
APICALLY
BASALLY

Question 7

NEUROEPITHELIA GIVE RISE INITIALLY TO TWO DAUGHTERS TO EXPAND THE NEUROEPITHELIUM BUT LATER THEY DIVIDE ASYMMETRICALLY TO GIVE RISE TO WHAT

Answer 7

RAIDAL GLIA AND NEURONAL PRECURSORS

Question 8

RADIAL MIGRATION ALSO OCCURS IN

Answer 8

THE VENTRICULAR ZONE

Question 9

MATURE NEURONS ACCUMULATE OVER TIME IN THE LAYERS ABOVE THE …………………….. ………………………. BY RADIALLY MIGRATING. THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR THE LAYERS OF THE …………

Answer 9

VENTRICULAR ZONE

CNS

Question 10

YOU CAN FOLLOW NEUROGENESIS AND MIGRATION BY WHICH METHOD

Answer 10

BIRTH DATING

Question 11

HOW DO YOU CARRY OUT BIRTH DATING

Answer 11

INCORPORATE TRITIUM INTO NEWLY SYNTHESISED DNA
INJECT INTO FEMALES DURING S PHASE
ONLY THOSE CELLS IN THEIR FINAL DIVISION WILL RETAIN THEIR LABEL
THIS BIRTH DATES THE CELL ALLOWING US TO TRACE THEIR MIGRATION TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION

Question 12

WHAT DOES BIRTH DATING SHOW IN RELATION TO THE CORTEX

Answer 12

EARLY INJECTION - CELLS FOUND IN LOWER LYAER OF CORTEX
LATER INJECTION - CELLS FOUND IN UPPER LAYERS OF CORTEX
FIRST BORN NEURONS OCCUPY THE DEEPEST LAYERS OF THE CORTEX

Question 13

EACH LAYER OF THE CORTEX EXPRESSING SPECIFIC SETS OF …………………………… …………………… INDICATING NEURONS BORN AT DIFFERENT TIMES HAVE DIFFERENT …………………………

Answer 13

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

FATES

Question 14

CORTICAL NEURONAL FATES CHANGE OVER

Answer 14

TIME

Question 15

EARLY CORTICAL NEURONAL PRECURSORS TRANSPLANTED INTO AN OLDER HOST DO WHAT

Answer 15

ADOPT THE FATE OF TEH CELLS BEING BORN AT THE SAME TIME AS THE HOST

Question 16

LATER CORTICAL NEURONAL PRECURSORS TRANSPLANTED INTO A YOUNGER HOST DO WHAT

Answer 16

MIGRATE TO ADOPT THEIR ORIGINAL FATE

Question 17

WHAT IS LISSENCEPHALY

Answer 17

A CONDITION AS A RESULT IN A DEFECT OF MIGRATION THAT CAUSES A SMOOTH BRAIN - NO GYRI AND SULCI
FAILURES IN NORMAL NEURONAL MIGRATION

Question 18

WHAT CAUSES LISSENCEPHALY

Answer 18

MUTATION IN GENES OF PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH MICROTUBULES

Question 19

GIVE EXAMPLES OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH LISSENCEPHALY

Answer 19

MUTATIONS IN
TUBA1 ALPHA AND TUBB2B —— TUBULIN
LIS1 AND DCX - —– MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEINS

Question 20

MIGRATION IS VERY CAREFULLY …………..

Answer 20

CONTROLLED

Question 21

THE EARLIEST POST MITOTIC MIGRATION CELLS FROM THE VENTRICULAR ZONE FORM THE …………………….. AND ARE MADE UP OF ……….. CELL TYPES: ………………………. CELLS IN THE MARGINAL ZONE AND ……………………….. NEURONS

Answer 21

PREPLATE
CAJAL RETZIUS
SUBPLATE

Question 22

SUBPLATE NEURONS EVENTUALLY ………… BUT ALSO PLAY A LARGE PART IN ……………. GUIDANCE

Answer 22

DIE

AXON

Question 23

LATER MIGRATING NEURONS FORM THE ………………. PLATE IN WHICH THE MAJOR LAYERS OF THE …………….. FORM. THE CORTICAL PLATE SITS BETWEEN THE …………………… ZONE AND THE SUBPLATE.

Answer 23

CORTICAL PLATE
CORTEX
MARGINAL

Question 24

CAJAL RETZIUS CELL ARE THE FIRST

Answer 24

BORN CELLS OF THE CORTEX

Question 25

WHAT DID ANALYSIS OF THE REELER MOUSE REVEAL ABOUT CAJAL RETZIUS CELLS

Answer 25

MUTATION IN REELIN GENE (ECM PROTEIN EXPRESSED IN CR CELLS)
LOSS OF REELIN = CR AND SUBPLATE CELL FAILED TO SEPARATE CAUSING LAYER DISRUPTION
FAILURE OF MIGRATING NEURONS TO STOP IN THE RIGHT PLACE
IN HUMANS CAN LEAD TO LISSENCEPHALY

Question 26

WHAT IS REELIN

Answer 26

A GENE ENCODING 3460AA ECM PROTEIN EXPRESSED IN CAJAL RETZIUS CELLS

Question 27

RADIAL GLIA BECOME …………………………. OVER TIME BUT INTERMEDIATE ………………….. ACCUMULATE IN THE ………………………………………. ZONE AND CONTINUE PRODUCING UPPER LAYER …………………

Answer 27

DEPLETED
PROGENITORS
SUBVENTRICULAR
NEURONS

Question 28

A SUBSET OF …………….. GLIA BECOME ………………………… LIKE AND BECOME ADULT NEURAL …………….. CELLS THAT CAN PRODUCE NEW NEURONS.

Answer 28

RADIAL
ASTROCYTE
STEM

Question 29

WHERE CAN ADULT NEURAL STEM CELLS BE FOUND

Answer 29

SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE OF 4TH VENTRICLE

DENTATE GYRUS OF HIPPOCAMPUS

Question 30

WHERE DO THE MAJOR CLASSES OR NEURONS SOURCE FROM BEFORE THEY MIGRATE

Answer 30

THE SUBPALLIUM

Question 31

WHAT CLASSES OF NEURONS STEM FROM THE SUBPALLIUM

Answer 31

THE INHIBITORY INTER NUERONS OF:
GABA ERGIC
DOPAMINERGIC
CHOLINERGIC

Question 32

WHERE DOES THE CEREBELLUM FORM

Answer 32

ON THE ROOF OF THE RHOMENCEPHALON

Question 33

THE CEREBELLUM HAS THE MOST ………………. OUT OF ALL OF THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN

Answer 33

NEURONS

Question 34

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE CEREBELLUM

Answer 34

MOLECULAR LAYER
PURKINJE CELL LAYER
GRANULE CELL LAYER

Question 35

RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL MIGRATION BOTH OCCUR IN THE CEREBELLUM BUT WHY IT IS DIFFERENT TO IN THE CORTEX

Answer 35

PROLIFERATIVE ZONE IS ON THE OUTSIDE AND MIGRATION OCCURS TANGENTIALLY FIRST AND THEN RADIALLY

Question 36

MAJOR CEREBELLAR NEURONAL TYPES ARE DERIVED FROM WHAT

Answer 36

THE RHOMBIC LIP

Question 37

WHAT IS THE RHOMBIC LIP

Answer 37

WHERE THE NEURAL TUBE FOLDS, THE HINDBRAIN REMAINS UNCLOSED GIVING FOR A RHOMBUS SHAPE

Question 38

WHAT ARE THE CHARATERISTICS OF RHOMBIC LIP CELLS

Answer 38

THEY ARE HIGHLY PROLIFERATIVE AND HAVE MIGRATORY DAUGHTERS - STAY WITHIN THE CNS

Question 39

THE RHOMBIC LIP FORMS AN EXTERNAL GERMINAL LAYER THAT BECOME WHAT

Answer 39

GRANULE NEURONS

Question 40

NAME A GENE CONTROLLING RHOMBIC LIP CELLS

Answer 40

ATOH1