Regeneration

Question 1

How much of an organism is able to regenerate?

Answer 1

Depends on the organism. More complex organisms can typically regenerate less

Question 2

What are the 4 types of regeneration?

Answer 2

Multipotent stem cells
Compensatory regeneration
Morphallaxis
Epimorphic regeneration

Question 3

What is compensatory regeneration?

Answer 3

Existing cells repopulate the tissue

Question 4

What is epimorphic regeneration?

Answer 4

Dedifferentiation of cells in the would tissue

Question 5

How much potency do dedifferentiated cells retain?

Answer 5

Some multipotency, but are restricted in what they can become. Usually they will just become the same thing they were originally

Question 6

What is a blastema?

Answer 6

Dedifferentiated muscle and bone cells around the wound, covered by wound epidermis

Question 7

What happens in blastema cells?

Answer 7

The transcriptional environment is remodelled and some genes are upregulated

Question 8

What does apical epidermal cap do?

Answer 8

Same idea as the apical ectodermal ridge, produces signals that direct the growth and differentiation of a new limb

Question 9

What signals are produced by the apical epidermal cap?

Answer 9

Wnt3a, Fgf8, Fgf10

Question 10

What signals are present along the proximal-distal axis in an amputated limb?

Answer 10

FGFs, Hox genes, Retinoic acid

Question 11

Where in an amputated limb is retinoic acid expressed?

Answer 11

Proximal end

Question 12

What happens if add retinoic acid to the distal end of an amputated limb?

Answer 12

Grows an entire new limb out of the wrist, become it thinks that the wrist is now the proximal end