Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Developmental Biology > Neurulation > Flashcards

Neurulation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first major organ type created during development?

A

Central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What germ layer becomes the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 3 signals are involved in the formation of the neural tube?

A

BMP, Noggin, Shh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the sequence of events that forms the neural tube?

A
  1. Neural epithelial cells expand to form neural plate
  2. Neural plate bends at medial hinge point
  3. Dorsolateral hinge points form and the folds converge inwards
  4. Folds connect and tube closes
  5. Neural tube pulls away from the epidermal ectoderm and the neural crest cells delaminate and migrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is primary neurulation?

A

The formation of a tube by bending a sheet of cells into a tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is secondary neurulation?

A

Neuromesodermal cells form a rod that gets hollowed out to form a tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 hinge points in the neural tube?

A

Medial and dorsolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes the hinge points to form? What signals are involved?

A

Apical constriction. A medium amount of BMP is required to form the hinge points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the hinge points if there is too much BMP?

A

No hinge points form. BMP inhibits the apical constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to the hinge points if there is too little BMP?

A

The apical constriction happens sooner than its supposed to, and forms an exaggerated hinge point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does Shh in the neural tube originally come from?

A

The notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does Noggin interact with BMP and Shh in the neural tube?

A

Noggin inhibits BMP, and Shh inhibits Noggin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What mechanism closes the neural tube?

A

Zipper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do the two sides of the neural tube contact each other during closure?

A

Filopodial bridges and cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the zipper work?

A

Actin filaments just ahead of the zipper contract, which creates a pull anterior of the zipper. The pull then causes resistance in the cells posterior to the zipper, and reduction of the posterior resistance pushes the zipper anterior to close the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the neural tube become separated from the epidermal ectoderm above it?

A

Differential cell adhesion, cadherins, and neural crest cell delamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do cadherins play a role in the separation of the neural tube from the overlying ectoderm?

A

The neural tube cells express N-cadherin and the ectoderm expresses E-cadherin. The cells will associate with other cells expressing the same cadherin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that could cause anencephaly?

A
  1. Problems with cell polarity
  2. Problems with cell adhesion
  3. Problems with morphogen signalling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Problems in what type of neurulation causes anencephaly?

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Problems in what type of neurulation causes spina bifida?

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two axes does the neural tube differentiate on?

A

Anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What features are created by anterior-posterior differentiation in the neural tube?

A

Brain in the anterior end, spinal cord in the posterior end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What features are created by dorsal-ventral differentiation in the neural tube?

A

A variety of nerve types that create different functional units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the first step in creating a brain?

A

Swelling in the anterior end of the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes the swelling of the anterior neural tube?

A

Occlusion from the closure of the neural tube lumen in the posterior end, which forces the fluid into the anterior end and causes it to swell

26
Q

What are the 3 vesicles in the tripartite brain?

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

27
Q

What are the 3 vesicles in the pentapartite brain?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

28
Q

What happens to prosencephalon when the brain becomes more differentiated into a pentapartite brain?

A

Splits into the telencephalon and diencephalon

29
Q

What happens to mesencephalon when the brain becomes more differentiated into a pentapartite brain?

A

Stays as the mesencephalon

30
Q

What happens to rhombencephalon when the brain becomes more differentiated into a pentapartite brain?

A

Splits into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

31
Q

Where does the telencephalon come from?

A

The prosencephalon

32
Q

Where does the diencephalon come from?

A

The prosencephalon

33
Q

Where does the metencephalon come from?

A

The rhombencephalon

34
Q

Where does the mylencephalon come from?

A

The rhombencephalon

35
Q

How does dorsal-ventral differentiation create a functional circuit in the vertebrate spinal cord?

A

Dorsal side gets directed to form sensory neurons, and the ventral part forms motor neurons. Middle regions form interneurons

36
Q

Which two signal gradients cause dorsal-ventral differentiation of the neural tube? Where are the signals coming from?

A

Shh from the notochord and floor plate, and BMP from the epidermis and roof plate

37
Q

Which two transcription factors get produced by the roof plate when it receives the BMP signal? What signalling pathway are they part of?

A

Activin and dorsalin. Part of the TGF-beta pathway

38
Q

What happens if we transplant notochord cells near another part of the neural tube?

A

It induces a second floor plate and a second set of motor neurons

39
Q

What type of cells are in the early embryo neural tube, before they become differentiated?

A

Neural stem cells/neuroblasts

40
Q

What are the 2 cell types neuroblasts can become?

A

Ventricular cells or radial glial cells

41
Q

What do ventricular cells do?

A

They remain in the centre of the neural tube and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

42
Q

Can radial glial cells differentiate further? What can they become?

A

Yes, they retain multipotency. They can become neurons or glial cells

43
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, astrocytes

44
Q

What do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells do?

A

Wrap and insulate neuron axons and increase the speed of signal transmission

45
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Regulate metabolites, ion balance, cell structure and repair

46
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Immune cells of the CNS

47
Q

Which way in the neural tube do cells go as they progress through the cell cycle?

A

Towards the basal surface

48
Q

What happens to the neural tube as cells progress through the cell cycle and move outwards?

A

It expands

49
Q

What are the 3 zones of the neural tube?

A

Ventricular zone, intermediate zone, marginal zone

50
Q

What type of cells are in the ventricular zone?

A

Neuroblasts

51
Q

What type of cells are in the intermediate zone?

A

Radial glial cells and neurons

52
Q

What type of cells are in the marginal zone?

A

Contains the axons and dendrites of neurons

53
Q

Which two zones of the neural tube are expanding?

A

Intermediate and marginal. Ventricular zone stays the same size

54
Q

What are the two types of cell division undergone by radial glial cells during the expansion of the neural tube?

A

Symmetrical: radial glial cell divide into two radial glial cells, which increases the population
Asymmetrical: radial glial cell divides into a neural progenitor cell and a radial glial cell

55
Q

How is the cerebrum organized?

A

Migrating radial glial cells form 6 stacks and >40 sheets of cells, each with a different function

56
Q

Where do the neural progenitor cells go?

A

They migrate through the intermediate zone and form the cortical plate

57
Q

How do the neural progenitor cells know when to stop migrating?

A

Reelin signalling

58
Q

What does Reelin do?

A

Causes actin filament breakdown and immobilizes the cell

59
Q

Where is Reelin coming from?

A

Released by cells on the basal surface

60
Q

What is the receptor for Reelin?

A

Disabled-1

61
Q

What happens to cells receiving very little Reelin signal?

A

They keep moving

62
Q

What happens to cells receiving a moderate amount of Reelin signal?

A

Activates Disabled-1 and activates N-cadherins and stabilizes actin. Promotes filopodial extensions along the integrin-fibronectin pathways towards region with high N-cadherin expression

Animal Developmental Biology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions