Myogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 signals that specify muscle development from the somites? Where are they coming from?

A

Wnt from the dorsal neural tube
Shh from the notochord
BMP from the epidermis

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2
Q

What does Shh signalling from the notochord do to the sclerotome cells?

A

Causes to express Pax1 and lose N-cadherins and undergo an EMT

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3
Q

What happens to the dermamyotome when the sclerotome cells undergo an EMT?

A

The dermamyotome splits into the dermatome and the myotome, which is in the centre

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4
Q

What does the myotome give rise to?

A

Abaxial and primatial muscles

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5
Q

What two transcription factors specify the myotome to become muscle?

A

Myogenic regulatory factors: Myf5 and MyoD. They activate muscle specific genes

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6
Q

Are myotome cells specified before or after they undergo the EMT?

A

Before

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7
Q

What signal induces the migration of myotome cells?

A

FGF

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8
Q

What do myotome cells do once they reach the area they’re supposed to go to?

A

Start multiplying

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9
Q

What are embryonic muscle cells called?

A

Myoblasts

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10
Q

What do myoblasts do when they stop dividing?

A

Align themselves in a really organized way and fuse into myotubes

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11
Q

What do myotubes become?

A

Muscle fibers

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12
Q

Why are muscle fibres able to contract so strong?

A

Multi-nucleate

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13
Q

Why are myoblasts an example of morphogenesis?

A

They respond to signals and specifications and change their cell adhesion and organization

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14
Q

Do vertebrates keep producing more muscle fibres?

A

No, we have a set number of muscle fibres and just expand the ones we already have

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15
Q

What determines the amount of muscle fibres an organism develops?

A

Myostatin - a hormone

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16
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in myostatin that knocks out its function?

A

Excessive muscle growth, because it limits the growth of muscles to a normal amount

17
Q

Is every muscle cell specified during development?

A

No, muscle stem cells stay unspecified

18
Q

Where in the dermamyotome do muscle stem cells originate from?

A

Central part

19
Q

Why aren’t muscle stem cells specified?

A

They don’t express myogenic regulatory factors, which keeps them unspecified

20
Q

When do muscle stem cells become specified?

A

In event of injury. They become specified and the cell cycle gets reactivated to fix the injury