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Animal Developmental Biology > Induction and signalling > Flashcards

Induction and signalling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is induction?

A

A cell/tissue instructs neighbouring cells to develop in a certain way. Directs morphogenesis in neighbouring cells

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2
Q

What was the experiment done by Spemann that showed the process of induction?

A

Used amphibian eggs and transplanted cells to other parts of the embryo

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3
Q

What did Spemann’s experiment show?

A

A new intestinal tract and new body axis formed where cells from the dorsal blastopore lip had been transplanted

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4
Q

What did Spemann conclude after his experiment showing induction?

A

The dorsal blastopore lip has the ability to organize the development of surrounding cells

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5
Q

What is instructive induction?

A

The signalling cell/tissue directs something specific to occur

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6
Q

What is permissive induction?

A

Certain events are allowed to occur if the right signal is received at the right time

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7
Q

What did the experiment on differential cell adhesion involve doing?

A

Digested epidermal and neural cells (aka separated them and broke all adhesion) and mixed them together. They then aggregated into a ball with the epidermal cells on the outside and the neural cells on the inside

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8
Q

Why were the neural cells in the middle of the ball in the differential cell adhesion experiment?

A

They had stronger adhesive forces, so packed tighter together

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9
Q

What is a cadherin?

A

Calcium dependent adhesion molecules. They are anchored to the cytoskeleton inside a cell and reach out to form connections with cadherins coming out of other cells, sticking them together

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10
Q

What molecules anchor cadherins to the cytoskeleton?

A

Catenins

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11
Q

What happens when cadherins are knocked out?

A

Neural tube can’t form properly because the cells can’t stick together enough

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of cadherins?

A

E-cadherin (embryo, adult epithelial tissue), P-cadherin (attach placenta to uterus), N-cadherin (nerve cells), R-cadherin (retina), protocadherins (no intercellular actin binding)

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13
Q

What is the quantitative aspect of cadherin interactions?

A

More cadherins = stronger adhesion

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14
Q

What is the qualitative aspect of cadherin interactions?

A

Strength of adhesion depends of type of cadherins present

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15
Q

What is the function of integrin?

A

Attachment to the extracellular matrix. They extend out of the cytoplasm and attach to fibronectin. Used for communication from the extracellular matrix

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16
Q

What is a juxtacrine signal?

A

The neighbouring cells interact through complementary receptors

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17
Q

What is the receptor for Delta?

A

Notch

18
Q

What happens inside the cell when Delta binds to Notch?

A

A protease cuts Notch and the cut portion influences transcription

19
Q

What is an endocrine signal?

A

Signal over a long distance

20
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

Signal over a local, short distance

21
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

Signal acts back on the cell

22
Q

What are the 4 paracrine family signalling pathways that we covered?

A

FGF family pathways, Wnt, Hedgehog, TGF pathways

23
Q

What is the signal in an FGF family pathway?

A

FGF or a similar growth factor molecule

24
Q

What is the receptor in an FGF family pathway?

A

Tyrosine kinase receptors that will autophosphorylate and dimerize

25
Q

What sort of response is typically caused by an FGF pathway?

A

Cell division. The downstream products act in the nucleus

26
Q

What is the signal in the Hedgehog pathway?

A

Hedgehog

27
Q

What is the receptor in the Hedgehog pathway?

A

Patched

28
Q

What does the Patched receptor act on?

A

Smoothened

29
Q

What does Smoothened act on?

A

Cubitus interruptus (Ci)

30
Q

What are the steps in the Hedgehog pathway?

A

Hedgehog - (inhibits) - Patched - (inhibits) - Smoothened - (activates) -> Ci

31
Q

What type of pathway is Hedgehog?

A

Double negative

32
Q

What is the cellular response when Hedgehog is being received?

A

Patched is inhibited, so it releases Smoothened which activates Ci. Ci activates gene expression for normal development

33
Q

What is the cellular response when Hedgehog is not being received?

A

Patched is inhibiting Smoothened, so Ci is not activated. No gene expression and get abnormal development

34
Q

What are the steps in the Wnt pathway?

A

Wnt - (activates) -> frizzled - (activates) -> dishevelled - (inhibits) - GSK3 - (inhibits) - beta catenin

35
Q

What is the signal in the Wnt pathway?

A

Wnt

36
Q

What is the receptor in the Wnt pathway?

A

Frizzled

37
Q

What is the cellular response when the cell is receiving Wnt?

A

Beta catenin doesn’t get degraded and acts as a transcription factor

38
Q

What is the cellular response when the cell is not receiving Wnt?

A

Beta catenin gets degraded/stays attached to cytoskeleton and doesn’t activate gene expression

39
Q

What are the steps in the TGF-beta family pathways?

A

TGF-beta -> Ser/Thr kinase receptor -> Smad -> transcription

40
Q

What is the receptor in the TGF-beta family pathways?

A

A serine/threonine kinase receptor that will autophosphorylate and dimerize

41
Q

What is the cellular response when the cell is receiving TGF-beta?

A

Smad is active and either turns on or off transcription depending on the environment

42
Q

What is the cellular response when the cell is not receiving TGF-beta?

A

Smad isn’t active and transcription will not change

Animal Developmental Biology (26 decks)

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