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Animal Developmental Biology > Gametogenesis overview > Flashcards

Gametogenesis overview Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 phases in prophase 1 of meiosis?

A 
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
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2
Q

What happens in the leptotene phase of meiosis 1?

A

Chromosomes condense, DNA replication is finished

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3
Q

What happens in the zygotene phase of meiosis 1?

A

Synapsis

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4
Q

What happens in the pachytene phase of meiosis 1?

A

Crossing over

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5
Q

What happens in the diplotene phase of meiosis 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate

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6
Q

What happens in the diakinesis phase of meiosis 1?

A

Transition into metaphase

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7
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Cells destined to become gametes, will reside in the gonad tissue but don’t form the gonad tissue

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8
Q

What happens to the germ cells once they are specified?

A

They stop dividing and are segregated away from the somatic cells until they are ready to move into the gonads

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9
Q

What are the 5 things that regulate cell identity?

A

Gene expression, membrane components, proteins, mRNA localization, transcription factors

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10
Q

What was Louis Bounoure’s experiment? What did he find and conclude?

A

Let an amphibian zygote grow into the 2, 4 and 8 cell stages, then split the cells apart. The cells lived and grew into two new individuals in the 2 cell stage, but none of the cells lived after being split from the 8 cell stage. Concluded there were things in the cytoplasm required for a new individual to be produced, and not every cell in the 8 cell stage had all that info

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11
Q

What is the germ plasm?

A

A particular area of the egg cytoplasm that has the mRNA and proteins localized to set the fate of the germ cells

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12
Q

Why are germ cells set aside so early in development?

A

Keep all information intact, since every cell division can produce errors. The germ cells become a library for the genetic information

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13
Q

What are the 2 important genes associated with germ cell specification?

A

Vasa and nanos

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14
Q

Where do the Vasa and Nanos transcripts come from?

A

Maternal genes that already exist in the egg as mRNA, localized in the germ plasm

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15
Q

What do Vasa and Nanos do?

A

Block transcription and translation to stop cell division

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages of gametogenesis?

A

Gonial, gonocyte, gonotid

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17
Q

What is a gonial cell?

A

The diploid product of a germ stem cell

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18
Q

What are 2 things that could happen to a gonial cell?

A

Either keeps dividing through mitosis or enters meiosis

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19
Q

What is the gonial stage of spermatogenesis called?

A

Spermatogonia

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20
Q

What is the gonial stage of oogenesis called?

A

Oogonia

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21
Q

What is happening in the morphogenesis example in C. elegans gametogenesis?

A

Gonad cells produce a signalling protein called Delta that inhibits meiosis and encourages mitosis in germ cells by interacting with the Notch receptor. The germ cells keep undergoing mitosis and eventually start to crowd each other out. Some cells get pushed away from the cells producing Delta, and will start meiosis once they are out of range.

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22
Q

What is a gonocyte?

A

A gonial cell that has entered meiosis

23
Q

What is the gonocyte stage of spermatogenesis called?

A

Spermatocyte

24
Q

What is the gonocyte stage of oogenesis called?

A

Oocyte

25
Q

What is a gonotid?

A

Specialized haploid gonocyte, only applies to sperm

26
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The specialization of a spermatocyte into a spermatid, which includes development of the flagella, reduction of the cytoplasm, condensation of the chromosomes into toroids

27
Q

What do the germ stem cells in Drosophila oogenesis divide into with every round of mitosis?

A

One GSC and one oogonium

28
Q

What does the Drosophila oogonia become once it starts dividing?

A

Cystoblast

29
Q

What sort of development does a Drosophila cystoblast undergo?

A

Syncytial. The cells stay connected through the cytoplasm

30
Q

Does every cell in a Drosophila cystoblast become an oocyte?

A

No. Only one enters meiosis and the rest become nurse cells

31
Q

What do follicle cells do in Drosophila oogenesis? Where do they come from?

A

They surround the egg and help determine body axises. They come from the gonad and not the cyst

32
Q

What is Drosophila germ stem cell renewal an example of?

A

Morphogenesis

33
Q

How do Drosophila germ stem cells renew themselves?

A

The GSC are anchored to the Cap cells and are receiving BMP secreted by the Cap cells, which turns off the Bam gene. When the GSC divides, mitosis is oriented so that one cell is further away and moves out of the range of BMP. Without the signal, Bam turns out and the cell becomes an oogonium and starts forming a cystoblast

34
Q

Does formation of a cystoblast occur in mammalian oogenesis?

A

No, all mitotic divisions are completed before birth in the fetus

35
Q

What happens to the oogonia after mitotic divisions are finished?

A

Held in stasis in follicles until sexual maturity

36
Q

What is a primary oocyte?

A

Product of meiosis 1

37
Q

What is a secondary oocyte?

A

A more mature oocyte that is undergoing meiosis 2 and getting ready to be ovulated

38
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the follicle?

A

Granulosa and thecal cells

39
Q

Where are granulosa cells found?

A

Tightly packed around the oocyte in a follicle

40
Q

Where are thecal cells found?

A

Loosely packed around the oocyte in a follicle

41
Q

What is the purpose of the follicle structure?

A

Support, nutrients, secretes hormones

42
Q

What is the Zona pellucida?

A

A thick extracellular matrix made of proteins and carbs that surrounds the oocyte

43
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

The granulosa cells that maintain very tight association with the oocyte

44
Q

What is the antrum?

A

A space in the follicle structure between the corona radiata and the granulosa cells

45
Q

Which parts of the follicle are ovulated with the egg?

A

Zona pellucida and corona radiata

46
Q

What is the spermatogenesis equivalent of the cap cells in Drosophila oogenesis?

A

Hub cells

47
Q

What is the function of the hub cells?

A

Tell GSC when to divide

48
Q

Are cysts formed in insect spermatogenesis?

A

Yes

49
Q

What is the signal secreted by the hub cells?

A

Unpaired

50
Q

What does unpaired do to spermatogonia?

A

Causes movement of the centrosome so cytokinesis happens in a particular location

51
Q

Where are sperm produced in mammals?

A

Seminiferous tubules

52
Q

Which stage in spermatogenesis is located around the periphery of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogonia

53
Q

Are cells closer to the central channel of the seminiferous tubules more or less mature?

A

More. They go through meiosis as they approach the centre

54
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

Cells that maintain the endocrine environment in the testes

Animal Developmental Biology (26 decks)

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