History

Question 1

Who was the first to address embryology as a field?

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

What did Aristotle look at to answer what question?

Answer 2

Look at chicken eggs during different stages of development to answer how does an egg grow into an organism

Question 3

What are the 3 variations on animal life cycle themes outlined by Aristotle?

Answer 3

Viviparity, oviparity, ovoviviparity

Question 4

What is viviparity?

Answer 4

Birth of a live organism after maturing and developing inside the mother

Question 5

What is oviparity?

Answer 5

Birth from an egg

Question 6

What is ovoviviparity?

Answer 6

Egg hatches inside the mother and leaves through live birth

Question 7

What are the two cell cleavage patterns outlined by Aristotle?

Answer 7

Holoblastic and meroblastic

Question 8

What did Marcello Malpighi observe?

Answer 8

Development of blood vessels and heart in chicken embryos

Question 9

What did Anton wan Leewenhoek study?

Answer 9

Eggs and sperm

Question 10

What is preformation?

Answer 10

Sperm and eggs contain a tiny person that just gets bigger

Question 11

Who were the supporters of preformation?

Answer 11

Marcello Malpighi and Charles Bonnet

Question 12

What is epigenesis?

Answer 12

Organs develop de novo in the new organism

Question 13

Who were the supporters of epigenesis?

Answer 13

Aristotle and William Harvey

Question 14

Who found solid evidence for epigenesis?

Answer 14

Kaspar F. Wolff

Question 15

What did Kaspar F. Wolff observe?

Answer 15

De novo development of organs and organ systems in chicken embryos

Question 16

Who discovered germ layers?

Answer 16

Heinz Christian Pander, Heinrich Rathke, and Karl Ernst von Baer

Question 17

How were germ layers discovered?

Answer 17

Cells were labelled with stains and tracked throughout development

Question 18

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 18

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 19

What do cells in the ectoderm become?

Answer 19

Epidermis, neurons, pigment cells

Question 20

What do cells in the endoderm become?

Answer 20

Stomach and thyroid cells, lung cells, germ cells

Question 21

What do cells in the mesoderm become?

Answer 21

Notochord, bone tissue, kidney cells, red blood cells

Question 22

What is a triploblastic animal?

Answer 22

An animal where all 3 germ layers are present

Question 23

What is a diploblastic animal? Which phylum is diploblastic ?

Answer 23

An animal where only 2 germ layers are present, with no mesoderm. Cnidaria

Question 24

Why is the saying “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” wrong? Who said that?

Answer 24

Development doesn’t actually tell us very much about evolutionary relationships. Ernst Haeckel

Question 25

What are the 5 features of phylum chordata?

Answer 25

Notochord, post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve chord, endostyle, pharyngeal gill slits

Question 26

What are von Baer’s laws?

Answer 26

1. General features of a broad group will appear earlier in development than specialized features of a smaller group
2. During development, general features give rise to more specific features
3. The embryo of higher animals doesn’t pass through the adult stage of a lower animal
4. The embryo of higher animals is never like the the adult of a lower animal, but will share features with a lower animal’s embryo

Question 27

What did Spemann and Mangold discover?

Answer 27

Spemann’s organizer and principle of induction