reformation and its impact 1529-40 Flashcards
1
Q
who served as the head of the catholic church?
A
pope
2
Q
what was the catholic church’s central role?
A
administering the 7 sacraments as expressions of devotion to god
3
Q
what belief did eucharist involve in the catholic faith?
A
transubstantiation (bread and wine become body and blood of christ)
4
Q
what language were church service and the bible in in the catholic faith?
A
latin
5
Q
what could assist souls in reaching heaven in the catholic faith?
A
prayers and indulgences
6
Q
how were saints worshipped in the catholic faith?
A
through images and statues
7
Q
what were pilgrimages considered as in the catholic faith?
A
a devout act to gain god’s favour
8
Q
why did priests hold a special status and how was it symbolised?
A
due to their role in the eucharist symbolised by ornate vestments
9
Q
what was the problems with the pope and bishops in the catholic faith?
A
they were wealthy and prioritised money + power over god
10
Q
what were some monks doing that was seen as a problem in the catholic faith?
A
-drinking
-gambling
-sleeping with women
11
Q
what was the problem with the bible being written in latin in the catholic faith?
A
few could understand
12
Q
how did the catholic church use people’s fear of the afterlife?
A
to control them and make money
13
Q
who did the protestant faith believe should lead the churches?
A
rulers like monarchs should lead own churches (rejected pope)
14
Q
what did the protestant faith focus on preaching?
A
the bible’s ‘word of god’
15
Q
what three sacraments did the protestant faith recognise?
A
-baptism
-eucharist
-penance
16
Q
how was the eucharist seen in the protestant faith?
A
symbolic
17
Q
what language were church services and the bible in in the protestant faith?
A
english
18
Q
how were praying for the dead and indulgences seen in the protestant faith?
A
corrupt
19
Q
why did the protestant faith reject images, statues and pilgrimages?
A
seen as superstitious and wasteful
20
Q
how were priests considered in the protestant faith?
A
ordinary men without special clothing
21
Q
who was martin luther?
A
a german priest
22
Q
what languages was martin luther fluent in?
A
-latin
-greek
-hebrew
23
Q
what did martin luther discover?
A
translation errors in the catholic bible
24
Q
what did luther criticise the catholic church for and what did he seek?
A
criticised catholic church for incorrect teachings and sought reform
25
where did luther believe forgiveness came from?
came directly from god not priests
26
how did luther see selling indulgences?
exploitative
27
what did luther believe about the language of the bible?
should be in all languages for universal understanding
28
what did luther believe about the catholic church and its leaders?
church was too wealthy and leaders were unspiritual
29
what did luther write and what did it outline?
‘95 theses’ outlining his criticism of the catholic church
30
when did luther nail his ‘95 theses’ to and when?
a church door in wittenberg in 1517
31
what did luther publish and form?
published german translation of bible and formed protestant church
32
what was luther declared as?
an outlaw
33
who excommunicated luther and when?
the pope in 1521
34
did luther continue his efforts after being excommunicated?
yes
35
what did luther’s actions initiate?
‘reformation’ - period of religious reform
36
why did henry want a divorce from catherine of aragon and who did he seek to marry?
catherine of aragon couldn’t produce a male heir and sought to marry anne boleyn
37
what influenced henry in his campaign against the pope?
influenced by protestant ideas including william tyndale
38
what did william tyndale claim?
god intended for churches to be led by kings
39
what did the act of succession invalidate and recognise?
invalidated henry’s marriage to catherine + recognised anne boleyn as queen
40
what was the significance of the act of succession?
showed henry completely rejected authority of rome
41
what did the act of supremacy 1534 make henry?
made henry, not the pope, head of the church of england
42
what was cromwell appointed to and what did he do?
appointed vicegerent managing church on henry’s behalf
43
what did cromwell introduce which required support for anne boleyn as queen?
oath of succession
44
what did cromwell reform?
treason act
45
what did the treason act make?
made denial of royal supremacy punishable by death
46
what did elizabeth barton, nun of kent claim?
claimed a vision of virgin mary cured her illness
47
what did elizabeth barton enter and what did she gain?
entered a convent gained a following for her visions
48
what did elizabeth barton oppose?
opposed henry VIII’s plans for divorce + protestant reforms
49
when and why was elizabeth barton executed?
executed for treason in april 1534 on henry’s order
50
who was john fisher?
bishop of rochester
51
what did john fisher oppose and why?
henry’s divorce due to his catholic beliefs
52
what led to fisher’s arrest and fines?
his connection to elizabeth barton
53
what did fisher refuse to take?
oath of succession
54
what was fisher executed for?
treason
55
who was thomas more previously and when?
henry’s lord chancellor in 1529
56
what did more oppose and why?
opposed reformation as he was a devout catholic
57
when did more resign and what did he seek?
in 1532 and sought to avoid conflict
58
what did more refuse?
oath of succession
59
what was more executed for?
treason
60
when was the act of ten articles published?
july 1536
61
what did the art of ten articles reduce and what did it mark?
reduced sacraments to 3 marking first shift toward protestantism
62
when was the first royal injunctions published?
august 1536
63
what were the clergy instructed to do due to the first royal injunctions and what did it attack?
promote royal supremacy, discourage pilgrimages + reduce holy days - attacked catholic superstitions
64
when was the bishops book published?
july 1537
65
what did the bishops book recognise and emphasise?
recognised all 7 sacraments but downplayed 4 - emphasised preaching + pushing protestant ideas
66
when was the second royal injunctions published?
september 1538
67
what did the second royal injunctions order and why was it significant?
ordered removal of relics + images from churches + introduced english bibles - major protestant reform
68
what was destroyed as a result of the reformation?
shrines like st. thomas becket
69
what did henry seek by the decades end?
to limit reforms and return to catholic traditions
70
when was john lambert burned?
1538
71
why was john lambert burned and what did it symbolise?
for denying transubstantiation symbolising henry’s commitment to catholic faith
72
when was the six articles published?
1539
73
what did the six articles support?
supported transubstantiation, purgatory, celibacy for priests + severe penalties for dissent
74
what happened to religious reforms after 1540 and why?
slowed significantly due to henry’s opposition to protestantism
75
what did henry receive on his deathbed and what did it reaffirm?
received last rites reaffirming his catholic faith
76
what was henry’s break from rome motivated by?
personal desires for a divorce + male heir
77
what was the reasons for the return to catholicism not like?
not theological reform like the broader european reformation
78
how many monasteries did england have before the reformation?
about 800
79
what did monasteries serve to do?
-pray for the dead
-provide education
-aid poor
-shelter travellers
-treat sick
-offer spiritual guidance
-produce books
80
between what years did all monasteries close?
1536-1540
81
why did all monasteries close?
primarily for financial reasons
82
who did the closure of the monasteries heavily impact?
those relying on monastic support
83
who suffered the most due to the closure of the monasteries?
nuns suffered most as monks often found alternative employment
84
what did cromwell’s commissions uncover that contributed to the dissolution of the monasteries?
uncovered immoral + spiritually poor behaviour among monks
85
how did religious reformers deem monasteries that contributed to the dissolution?
deemed monasteries spiritually corrupt + unnecessary
86
what were the loyalty concerns that contributed to the dissolution?
monks, being catholic, were seen as opposing henry’s break with rome
87
how did financial motivation contribute to the dissolution?
henry sought wealth from rich monastic institutions
88
when was the act of dissolution?
1536
89
how many monasteries did the act of dissolution close and what were their incomes?
300 smaller monasteries with incomes under £200 annually
90
when did cromwell’s commissioners target larger monasteries individually?
1537 onward
91
when was the second act of the dissolution?
1539
92
what did the second act of dissolution formalise?
closure of remaining monasteries
93
what did protestants see that was a positive impact of dissolution?
saw a major catholic symbol destroyed
94
what did henry gain from the dissolution?
significant wealth
95
how did merchants and lawyers profit from the dissolution?
purchasing former monastic lands
96
how did the dissolution have a negative impact on monks and nuns?
had to adjust to life without monasteries, with nuns particularly struggling
97
how did the dissolution have a negative impact on many poor people and what did it lead to?
suffered due to loss of monastic charity, leading to increased poverty
98
why did the north contribute to the religious causes for the pilgrimage of grace?
northern england was predominantly catholic + many felt their faith was under threat
99
how was the dissolution of smaller monasteries seen that contributed to the pilgrimage of grace?
an attack on religion as monks + nuns played vital roles in community
100
what fears arose about the dissolution that contributed to the religious causes of the pilgrimage of grace?
fears arose that parish churches would also be targeted
101
what was the social cause for the pilgrimage of grace?
monasteries provided essential services including care for sick, aid for poor + shelter for travellers
102
what did the northern nobility believe about henry’s court that was a political cause for the pilgrimage of grace?
henry’s court was overly influenced by cromwell
103
why did the northern nobility dislike cromwell?
low birth and reformist views
104
what was the pilgrimage of grace seen as an opportunity to do?
weaken cromwell + increase their own power
105
when and what was the subsidy tax?
1534 wartime tax
106
when was the subsidy act still being collected despite england being at peace?
1536
107
when did the poor harvests happen that worsened economic hardship?
1535 and 1536
108
what did commoners oppose which was an economic cause for the pilgrimage of grace?
rising rents and enclosure of common land
109
what did the gentry and nobility resent which was an economic cause for the pilgrimage of grace?
1536 statute of uses (tax on inherited land)
110
when was the initial rebellion in lincolnshire?
october 1536
111
what were people triggered by that caused the rebellion in lincolnshire?
king’s commissions
112
when was the lincolnshire rebellion defeated by?
by 11th october
113
where was the larger rebellion?
yorkshire
114
who led the larger rebellion in yorkshire?
robert aske
115
how many men did robert aske have?
40,000 men
116
what did the rebels advancing quickly prompt henry to do?
send an army under thomas howard (duke of howard)
117
who negotiated with the rebels?
duke of norfolk
118
what did henry promise to do at the pilgrimage of grace?
promised a full pardon + halt to monastery closures
119
what was the problem with the promises made at the pilgrimage of grace?
promises were verbal + never intended to be kept
120
what happened once the rebellion subsided?
rebel leaders were arrested + executed
