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history > reformation and its impact 1529-40 > Flashcards

reformation and its impact 1529-40 Flashcards

1
Q

who served as the head of the catholic church?

A

pope

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2
Q

what was the catholic church’s central role?

A

administering the 7 sacraments as expressions of devotion to god

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3
Q

what belief did eucharist involve in the catholic faith?

A

transubstantiation (bread and wine become body and blood of christ)

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4
Q

what language were church service and the bible in in the catholic faith?

A

latin

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5
Q

what could assist souls in reaching heaven in the catholic faith?

A

prayers and indulgences

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6
Q

how were saints worshipped in the catholic faith?

A

through images and statues

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7
Q

what were pilgrimages considered as in the catholic faith?

A

a devout act to gain god’s favour

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8
Q

why did priests hold a special status and how was it symbolised?

A

due to their role in the eucharist symbolised by ornate vestments

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9
Q

what was the problems with the pope and bishops in the catholic faith?

A

they were wealthy and prioritised money + power over god

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10
Q

what were some monks doing that was seen as a problem in the catholic faith?

A

-drinking
-gambling
-sleeping with women

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11
Q

what was the problem with the bible being written in latin in the catholic faith?

A

few could understand

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12
Q

how did the catholic church use people’s fear of the afterlife?

A

to control them and make money

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13
Q

who did the protestant faith believe should lead the churches?

A

rulers like monarchs should lead own churches (rejected pope)

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14
Q

what did the protestant faith focus on preaching?

A

the bible’s ‘word of god’

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15
Q

what three sacraments did the protestant faith recognise?

A

-baptism
-eucharist
-penance

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16
Q

how was the eucharist seen in the protestant faith?

A

symbolic

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17
Q

what language were church services and the bible in in the protestant faith?

A

english

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18
Q

how were praying for the dead and indulgences seen in the protestant faith?

A

corrupt

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19
Q

why did the protestant faith reject images, statues and pilgrimages?

A

seen as superstitious and wasteful

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20
Q

how were priests considered in the protestant faith?

A

ordinary men without special clothing

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21
Q

who was martin luther?

A

a german priest

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22
Q

what languages was martin luther fluent in?

A

-latin
-greek
-hebrew

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23
Q

what did martin luther discover?

A

translation errors in the catholic bible

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24
Q

what did luther criticise the catholic church for and what did he seek?

A

criticised catholic church for incorrect teachings and sought reform

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25
Q

where did luther believe forgiveness came from?

A

came directly from god not priests

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26
Q

how did luther see selling indulgences?

A

exploitative

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27
Q

what did luther believe about the language of the bible?

A

should be in all languages for universal understanding

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28
Q

what did luther believe about the catholic church and its leaders?

A

church was too wealthy and leaders were unspiritual

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29
Q

what did luther write and what did it outline?

A

‘95 theses’ outlining his criticism of the catholic church

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30
Q

when did luther nail his ‘95 theses’ to and when?

A

a church door in wittenberg in 1517

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31
Q

what did luther publish and form?

A

published german translation of bible and formed protestant church

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32
Q

what was luther declared as?

A

an outlaw

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33
Q

who excommunicated luther and when?

A

the pope in 1521

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34
Q

did luther continue his efforts after being excommunicated?

A

yes

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35
Q

what did luther’s actions initiate?

A

‘reformation’ - period of religious reform

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36
Q

why did henry want a divorce from catherine of aragon and who did he seek to marry?

A

catherine of aragon couldn’t produce a male heir and sought to marry anne boleyn

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37
Q

what influenced henry in his campaign against the pope?

A

influenced by protestant ideas including william tyndale

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38
Q

what did william tyndale claim?

A

god intended for churches to be led by kings

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39
Q

what did the act of succession invalidate and recognise?

A

invalidated henry’s marriage to catherine + recognised anne boleyn as queen

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40
Q

what was the significance of the act of succession?

A

showed henry completely rejected authority of rome

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41
Q

what did the act of supremacy 1534 make henry?

A

made henry, not the pope, head of the church of england

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42
Q

what was cromwell appointed to and what did he do?

A

appointed vicegerent managing church on henry’s behalf

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43
Q

what did cromwell introduce which required support for anne boleyn as queen?

A

oath of succession

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44
Q

what did cromwell reform?

A

treason act

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45
Q

what did the treason act make?

A

made denial of royal supremacy punishable by death

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46
Q

what did elizabeth barton, nun of kent claim?

A

claimed a vision of virgin mary cured her illness

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47
Q

what did elizabeth barton enter and what did she gain?

A

entered a convent gained a following for her visions

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48
Q

what did elizabeth barton oppose?

A

opposed henry VIII’s plans for divorce + protestant reforms

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49
Q

when and why was elizabeth barton executed?

A

executed for treason in april 1534 on henry’s order

50
Q

who was john fisher?

A

bishop of rochester

51
Q

what did john fisher oppose and why?

A

henry’s divorce due to his catholic beliefs

52
Q

what led to fisher’s arrest and fines?

A

his connection to elizabeth barton

53
Q

what did fisher refuse to take?

A

oath of succession

54
Q

what was fisher executed for?

A

treason

55
Q

who was thomas more previously and when?

A

henry’s lord chancellor in 1529

56
Q

what did more oppose and why?

A

opposed reformation as he was a devout catholic

57
Q

when did more resign and what did he seek?

A

in 1532 and sought to avoid conflict

58
Q

what did more refuse?

A

oath of succession

59
Q

what was more executed for?

A

treason

60
Q

when was the act of ten articles published?

A

july 1536

61
Q

what did the art of ten articles reduce and what did it mark?

A

reduced sacraments to 3 marking first shift toward protestantism

62
Q

when was the first royal injunctions published?

A

august 1536

63
Q

what were the clergy instructed to do due to the first royal injunctions and what did it attack?

A

promote royal supremacy, discourage pilgrimages + reduce holy days - attacked catholic superstitions

64
Q

when was the bishops book published?

A

july 1537

65
Q

what did the bishops book recognise and emphasise?

A

recognised all 7 sacraments but downplayed 4 - emphasised preaching + pushing protestant ideas

66
Q

when was the second royal injunctions published?

A

september 1538

67
Q

what did the second royal injunctions order and why was it significant?

A

ordered removal of relics + images from churches + introduced english bibles - major protestant reform

68
Q

what was destroyed as a result of the reformation?

A

shrines like st. thomas becket

69
Q

what did henry seek by the decades end?

A

to limit reforms and return to catholic traditions

70
Q

when was john lambert burned?

A

1538

71
Q

why was john lambert burned and what did it symbolise?

A

for denying transubstantiation symbolising henry’s commitment to catholic faith

72
Q

when was the six articles published?

A

1539

73
Q

what did the six articles support?

A

supported transubstantiation, purgatory, celibacy for priests + severe penalties for dissent

74
Q

what happened to religious reforms after 1540 and why?

A

slowed significantly due to henry’s opposition to protestantism

75
Q

what did henry receive on his deathbed and what did it reaffirm?

A

received last rites reaffirming his catholic faith

76
Q

what was henry’s break from rome motivated by?

A

personal desires for a divorce + male heir

77
Q

what was the reasons for the return to catholicism not like?

A

not theological reform like the broader european reformation

78
Q

how many monasteries did england have before the reformation?

A

about 800

79
Q

what did monasteries serve to do?

A

-pray for the dead
-provide education
-aid poor
-shelter travellers
-treat sick
-offer spiritual guidance
-produce books

80
Q

between what years did all monasteries close?

A

1536-1540

81
Q

why did all monasteries close?

A

primarily for financial reasons

82
Q

who did the closure of the monasteries heavily impact?

A

those relying on monastic support

83
Q

who suffered the most due to the closure of the monasteries?

A

nuns suffered most as monks often found alternative employment

84
Q

what did cromwell’s commissions uncover that contributed to the dissolution of the monasteries?

A

uncovered immoral + spiritually poor behaviour among monks

85
Q

how did religious reformers deem monasteries that contributed to the dissolution?

A

deemed monasteries spiritually corrupt + unnecessary

86
Q

what were the loyalty concerns that contributed to the dissolution?

A

monks, being catholic, were seen as opposing henry’s break with rome

87
Q

how did financial motivation contribute to the dissolution?

A

henry sought wealth from rich monastic institutions

88
Q

when was the act of dissolution?

A

1536

89
Q

how many monasteries did the act of dissolution close and what were their incomes?

A

300 smaller monasteries with incomes under £200 annually

90
Q

when did cromwell’s commissioners target larger monasteries individually?

A

1537 onward

91
Q

when was the second act of the dissolution?

A

1539

92
Q

what did the second act of dissolution formalise?

A

closure of remaining monasteries

93
Q

what did protestants see that was a positive impact of dissolution?

A

saw a major catholic symbol destroyed

94
Q

what did henry gain from the dissolution?

A

significant wealth

95
Q

how did merchants and lawyers profit from the dissolution?

A

purchasing former monastic lands

96
Q

how did the dissolution have a negative impact on monks and nuns?

A

had to adjust to life without monasteries, with nuns particularly struggling

97
Q

how did the dissolution have a negative impact on many poor people and what did it lead to?

A

suffered due to loss of monastic charity, leading to increased poverty

98
Q

why did the north contribute to the religious causes for the pilgrimage of grace?

A

northern england was predominantly catholic + many felt their faith was under threat

99
Q

how was the dissolution of smaller monasteries seen that contributed to the pilgrimage of grace?

A

an attack on religion as monks + nuns played vital roles in community

100
Q

what fears arose about the dissolution that contributed to the religious causes of the pilgrimage of grace?

A

fears arose that parish churches would also be targeted

101
Q

what was the social cause for the pilgrimage of grace?

A

monasteries provided essential services including care for sick, aid for poor + shelter for travellers

102
Q

what did the northern nobility believe about henry’s court that was a political cause for the pilgrimage of grace?

A

henry’s court was overly influenced by cromwell

103
Q

why did the northern nobility dislike cromwell?

A

low birth and reformist views

104
Q

what was the pilgrimage of grace seen as an opportunity to do?

A

weaken cromwell + increase their own power

105
Q

when and what was the subsidy tax?

A

1534 wartime tax

106
Q

when was the subsidy act still being collected despite england being at peace?

A

1536

107
Q

when did the poor harvests happen that worsened economic hardship?

A

1535 and 1536

108
Q

what did commoners oppose which was an economic cause for the pilgrimage of grace?

A

rising rents and enclosure of common land

109
Q

what did the gentry and nobility resent which was an economic cause for the pilgrimage of grace?

A

1536 statute of uses (tax on inherited land)

110
Q

when was the initial rebellion in lincolnshire?

A

october 1536

111
Q

what were people triggered by that caused the rebellion in lincolnshire?

A

king’s commissions

112
Q

when was the lincolnshire rebellion defeated by?

A

by 11th october

113
Q

where was the larger rebellion?

A

yorkshire

114
Q

who led the larger rebellion in yorkshire?

A

robert aske

115
Q

how many men did robert aske have?

A

40,000 men

116
Q

what did the rebels advancing quickly prompt henry to do?

A

send an army under thomas howard (duke of howard)

117
Q

who negotiated with the rebels?

A

duke of norfolk

118
Q

what did henry promise to do at the pilgrimage of grace?

A

promised a full pardon + halt to monastery closures

119
Q

what was the problem with the promises made at the pilgrimage of grace?

A

promises were verbal + never intended to be kept

120
Q

what happened once the rebellion subsided?

A

rebel leaders were arrested + executed

history (15 decks)

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