henry viii and cromwell 1529-40 Flashcards
1
Q
when was cromwell born?
A
1485
2
Q
what was cromwell’s father’s occupation?
A
blacksmith
3
Q
when did cromwell travel to france?
A
1503
4
Q
what did cromwell do when he travelled to france?
A
joined the french army
5
Q
which two places did cromwell live in?
A
florence and antwerp
6
Q
what did cromwell develop when he lived in florence and antwerp?
A
trading knowledge and business contacts
7
Q
what did cromwell develop as a successful london merchant?
A
a thriving legal practice
8
Q
what did cromwell enter as well as running his legal business?
A
household of wolsey
9
Q
what did cromwell gain when he entered the household of wolsey?
A
respect and opportunities
10
Q
which year did cromwell become a member of wolsey’s council?
A
1519
11
Q
what allowed cromwell and wolsey to get on well?
A
they were both self-made
12
Q
what did cromwell take on over the 1520s?
A
more complex legal cases
13
Q
what did wolsey send cromwell to do?
A
deliver news to king
14
Q
what deeply upset cromwell?
A
wolsey’s death
15
Q
when did cromwell become an MP?
A
1523
16
Q
when did wolsey fall from power?
A
1529
17
Q
what did cromwell do when wolsey fell from power?
A
used his position as an MP to defend wolsey
18
Q
what did the king notice when cromwell defended wolsey?
A
loyalty and skills in managing legal affairs
19
Q
what was cromwell appointed to when the king noticed his skills?
A
royal council
20
Q
who was vital in the divorce of henry and catherine of aragon
A
cromwell
21
Q
what did cromwell think about the power of annulment?
A
should be given to the king from the pope
22
Q
what did cromwell use to pass laws to transfer the power of annulment?
A
parliament
23
Q
when was the act of restraint of appeals passed?
A
march 1533
24
Q
what did the act of restraint of appeals state?
A
the king was the ‘supreme head’ of england
25
what did the divorce hearing in may 1533 state about henry and catherine?
henry and catherine had never been legally married
26
what was the royal council?
important advisory body to the king and played a key role in the day to day running of the country
27
what were the problems with the royal council?
-often dominated by one man + few attended meetings
-no rules on meeting organisation
-discussions and decisions not recorded
28
how did cromwell reform the royal council?
-created privy council made up of 20 advisors
-made of professional administrators rather than untrained members of nobility
-clerk was employed to record decisions
29
what was the problem with the system of government?
-not one system of gov. covering kingdom
-north had long tradition of independence
-wales not formerly part of england
30
how did cromwell reform the system of government?
-council of north (set up in 1472 to improve how north was governed) was strengthened
-act of union 1536 meant north was under royal control and wales was formerly part of england
31
what was the king’s chamber?
officials in chamber were in charge of keeping track of income and spending
32
what were the issues with the king’s chamber?
-henry didn’t get involved in tracking money
-no formal rules on how it should be ran
-dissolution of monasteries led to more money for the crown and chamber couldn’t cope
33
how did cromwell reform the king’s chamber?
-court of augmentations dealt with property + income from dissolution of monasteries
-court of first fruit + tenths collected tax that used to be sent to rome
-each court received money from a specific source + only paid out for pre-approved reasons
-each court carefully checked to make sure they acted properly
34
what was the problem with parliament?
-henry reached decisions with chief minister + trusted advisors
-new laws made by royal protection
-cromwell wanted to use parliament to pass more statute laws
35
how did cromwell reform parliament?
-cromwell realised he could make lots of changes by passing statute laws
-parliament began passing an increasing no. of laws + met more often
-cromwell used various strategies to ensure MPs were well managed + did exactly what he + king wanted
36
what was cromwell’s early relationship with anne boleyn like?
key reason henry could marry anne as he helped make the annulment possible
37
what did anne boleyn make in court that contributed to her downfall?
enemies that believed she was interfering too much in political and religious affairs
38
who had henry taken an interest in that contributed to anne boleyn’s downfall?
jane seymour (gentle and loving)
39
how did anne boleyn’s succession contribute to her downfall?
she hadn’t given him a son
40
what rumours were there about anne boleyn?
she had been secretly engaged to henry percy which would make her marriage to henry void
41
who did the king ask to investigate the apparent relationship between anne boleyn and henry percy and what did they find?
king asked cromwell but he found no supporting evidence
42
what case did cromwell take a leading role in building against anne boleyn?
case of adultery
43
who did cromwell make sure spied on anne boleyn?
anne’s ladies in waiting
44
what did some believe about anne and cromwell?
they disagreed on political matter meaning he wanted to remove her
45
what child did anne boleyn give henry?
his second daughter, elizabeth
46
what did henry believe about having a male heir?
it would secure the kingdom especially from foreign threats
47
when was mark smeaton arrested?
30 april
48
what was mark smeaton’s occupation?
court musician
49
where was mark smeaton taken when he was arrested and what was said to happen?
taken to cromwell’s house where he was probably tortured
50
what did mark smeaton confess to?
having an affair with anne boleyn
51
how many other cases of adultery was anne charged with?
5
52
what kind of men was anne charged of adultery with?
nobles who denied the charges
53
why did henry marry anne of cleves for alliance?
the cleves family ruled a small kingdom which had broken away from rome and it was feared catholic spain and france would invade england - provided england with an ally
54
why was succession a cause of the marriage to anne of cleves?
henry was desperate for more sons
55
why did cromwell support the marriage to anne of cleves?
could push for further religious reforms
56
what did henry shout when he saw anne of cleves and why?
‘i like her not’ - believed anne wasn’t as beautiful as he had been told
57
why was the way anne of cleves trained a problem?
she wasn’t trained in the ways of the english court
58
how did the international situation changing contribute to the failure of the marriage to anne of cleves?
relations between france and spain broke so there was less threat of invasion
59
who had henry fallen in love that contributed to the fail of the marriage to anne of cleves?
catherine howard
60
when did henry pursue catherine howard?
spring 1540
61
what happened to the marriage to anne of cleves?
henry annulled his marriage and married catherine howard
62
what did cromwell make in court which contributed to his fall from power? give an example
made enemies at court especially duke of norfolk
63
why did the duke of norfolk hate cromwell?
his low birth and religious views
64
who did the duke of Norfolk use to influence henry?
catherine howard
65
what was cromwell arrested for and stripped of?
arrested for treason and stripped of his titles
66
when did parliament pass an act of attainder?
june 29th 1540
67
what did the act of attainder mean?
a person could be declared guilty of treason without a trial
68
what was cromwell sentenced to?
death
69
who did cromwell write to and what did he plead?
he wrote to the king pleading his innocence
70
when was cromwell executed and what else happened on this day?
28th july - same day king married catherine howard
71
who became the second most powerful man in england?
duke of norfolk
72
who at court was delighted by cromwell’s fall?
conservatives, especially duke of norfolk
73
who else was delighted at the fall of cromwell?
foreign catholic leaders
74
what did the french king say about the fall of cromwell?
it was a miracle from god
75
why were many ordinary english people pleased by the fall of cromwell?
cromwell had changed much of their life through religious reforms e.g. closing the monasteries
76
why did henry grow to regret the decision of executing cromwell?
he realised how able cromwell had been
77
what did henry accuse his councillors of doing when cromwell fell from power?
bringing the fall of cromwell through false charges
