Reformation #2

Question 1

Bible

Answer 1

The only source of religious truth for Protestants. This is because Luther arrived at his understanding of salvation - that people are saved only by their faith in God (called justification by faith alone), not by good works - through studying the Bible.

Question 2

Diet of Worms

Answer 2

When Luther was excommunicated in 1521, he was also ordered to appear before the imperial diet (aka legislative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire by the new emperor Charles V. Charles believed he could change Luther’s mind but Luther refused. Charles was outraged and made Luther an outlaw through the Edict of Worms.

Question 3

“Priesthood of all Believers”

Answer 3

Anabaptists considered all believers as equal. They believed only Jesus could link them to God, not a priest or religious leader. They chose their priest, and since everyone was equal, everyone weas also legiable.

Question 4

Charles V

Answer 4

Fought against Lutheranism, France, and the Ottoman Empire. He sacked Rome against the annulment of Henry VIII in 1527, and he abdicated his throne. He also issued the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

Question 5

Ottoman Turks

Answer 5

Their invasion into the Eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire forced Charles to send even more forces over there. This was on top of his ongoing war with Francis I as well as his opposition with Pope Clement VII, who joined Francis’ side.

Question 6

Fredrick the Wise

Answer 6

By the Edict of Worms, Luther was supposed to be captured and delivered to the emperor for his execution. However, Fredrick the Wise, Luther’s ruler and the elector of Saxony who had sold over 5,000 relics refused to see his famous professor killed. He helped Luther hide and protected him when Luther returned to Wittenberg in early 1522.

Question 7

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 7

Charles V issued the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. This accepted the division of Christianity and Lutherism, and allowed the German ruler to determine whether his state was Lutheran or Christian. The subjects still couldn’t choose their own religion, but Lutheran and Christian states had the same rights.

Question 8

Predestination

Answer 8

One of the most important Calvinist beliefs. John Calvin believed that God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be dammed. This led many Calvinists to believe their only job on Earth was to do God’s work. This led them to spread Calvinism far and wide, leading it to become a dynamic and activist faith.

Question 9

Blue Laws

Answer 9

A law restricting certain activities on certain days.

Question 10

Puritians

Answer 10

English Protestants who sought to rid the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices and instead wanted to “purify” it, or reform it and make it more Protestant.

Question 11

Zwingli

Answer 11

Priest in Zurich who was able to influence the city council to introduce religious reforms. Relics, images, paintings, and decorations in the Church were abolished. A new service of Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the mass. His movement began to spread, and he created an alliance with Luther and German reformers. However, they were unable to agree on certain Christian rites and in 1531 war broke out between the Protestant and Catholic Switzerland states. Zwingli was killed, passing on the Protestant leadership to Calvin.

Question 12

Knox

Answer 12

Heavily influenced by Calvin’s teachings, and he brought Reformed theology to Scotland, leading to the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. Knox believed Christianity should be defined solely by what’s stated in the Bible. God was the only person with ultimate authority, and the Church couldn’t be head of the state because they weren’t worthy of such power.

Question 13

Calvin

Answer 13

John Calvin was educated in France but was forced to flee after converting to Protestantism. In 1536 he published Institutes of the Christian Religion, which summarized Protestant beliefs and made him one of the Protestant leaders. He agreed with Luther on the doctrine that justification by faith alone leads to salvation. However he also believed in the all-powerful nature of god and predestination. Through Geneva and Calvin’s writing, by the mid-sixteenth century Calvinism was the most dynamic and important form of Protestantism. Geneva was the fortress of the Reformation.

Question 14

Geneva

Answer 14

In 1536 Calvin began to reform Geneva. He created a church government that used both clergy and laity in the service of the church. The Consistory was a special court that enforced moral discipline. It punished people for things such as dancing, swearing, gambling, and drinking. It become a powerful center of Protestantism and missionaries trained here were sent throughout the world, allowing Calvinism to spread to the Netherlands, Scotland, and central and Eastern Europe.

Question 15

Theocracy

Answer 15

A form of government where priests rule in the name of God

Question 16

Anabaptists

Answer 16

Believed in a complete separation of church and state. They believed the true Christian community was a voluntary community of adult believers who had first undergone spiritual rebirth and then been baptized. Both Catholics and Protestants, however, believed in infant baptism. They also chose their own priests, and since each member of the community was equal, anyone was an option to be a priest. They refused to hold political office or bear arms. Their religious beliefs labeled them dangerous radicals, and the one thing Protestants and Catholics could agree on was getting rid of Anabaptists.

Question 17

Lord’s Supper

Answer 17

Believed that Christ’s body was only to be received, not to be re-presented to God as a sacrifice.

Question 18

Church of England

Answer 18

Created so Henry VIII could divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. It had the same values and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, but instead of the Pope being the head, the King was in charge.

Question 19

Henry VIII

Answer 19

Created the Church of England to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Question 20

Mary Tudor

Answer 20

Came to the throne in 1553, and she was Henry and Catherine’s child. She was a Catholic who wanted to revert England back to its Roman Catholic ways, but she had the opposite effect. She had more than 300 Protestants burned at the stake, earning her the nickname “Bloody Mary” and England became more Protestant in protest than it was at the start of her reign.

Question 21

Anne Boleyn

Answer 21

Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, so he created the Church of England to divorce his current wife. Anne Boleyn was eventually beheaded, as rumors that she was having affairs with none other than her cousin arose.

Question 22

Jane Seymour

Answer 22

Henry’s third wife, who died giving birth to his only son, Edward VI.