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Endocrine > Receptors and Signalling > Flashcards

Receptors and Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Individual cells or groups of cells which are organised into endocrine glands
They release hormones into the ECF where the hormone will diffuse into the capillary system

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2
Q

What is the function of exocrine glands?

A

Secrete into a ductal system which then secretes into specific places

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3
Q

How can a hormone be transported throughout the body?

A

Can be dissolved in the blood or be bound to proteins

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4
Q

What is determines the specificity of signaling?

A

Chemically distinct hormones
Specific receptors for each hormone
Distance distribution of receptors across target cells

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5
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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6
Q

What are the 4 classes of horomes?

A

Modified amino acids
Steroids
Peptides
Proteins

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7
Q

What are some examples of modified amino acid hormones?

A 
Adrenaline
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
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8
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol
Progesterone
Testosterone

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9
Q

What are some examples of peptide hormones?

A

ACTH
ADH
Oxytocin

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10
Q

What are some examples of protein hormones?

A

Insulin

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11
Q

What does the chemistry of the hormone determine?

A

Half life of hormone
Whether the hormone will stay in the ECF or ICF
Volume of distribution

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12
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

The cell signals to itself

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13
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

Cell signals to its close neighbours

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14
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

The signalling molecule enters the bloodstream

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15
Q

How is the action of an endocrine hormone terminated?

A

Enzyme-mediated metabolic inactivation in the liver or sites of action

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16
Q

What hormones contribute to the response of the body to short-term intense exercise?

A

Adrenaline
Cortisol
Glucagon

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17
Q

What hormones contribute to normal growth?

A

GH
Insulin
IGF-1
Sex steroids

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18
Q

What is the basic action of insulin?

A

Lowers plasma glucose by inhibiting hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and stimulating glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue

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19
Q

What is the basic action of glucagon?

A

Increased plasma glucose levels by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What hormone antagonizes glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue?

A

Adrenaline

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21
Q

What is the synthesis, storage and release of amines?

A

Pre-synthesised and stored in vesicles
Released in response to calcium induced exocytosis
Hydrophilic so are transported freely around the bloodstream

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22
Q

What is the synthesis, storage and release of peptides and proteins?

A

Pre-synthesised from a longer precursor
Stored in vesicles
Released in response to stimuli by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis
Hydrophilic so are transported freely around the blood

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23
Q

What is the synthesis, storage and release of steroids?

A

Synthesised and secreted upon demand
Stimuli will increase cellular uptake and availability of cholesterol and the rate of conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
There is no storage in vesicles, it is released as soon as its made
They are hydrophobic so are transported bound to plasma proteins

24
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

Increase the amount of hormone carried in the blood
Provide a reservoir of hormone
Extend the half life of the hormone in circulation

25
Q

What will bind to cortisol-binding globulin?

A

Cortisol

26
Q

What binds to thyroxin-binding globuin?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and also some T3

27
Q

What binds to sex steroid binding globulin?

A

Testosterone and oestradiol

28
Q

What binds to albumin?

A

Steroids and thyroxine

29
Q

What binds to transthyretin?

A

Thyroxine and some steroids

30
Q

When will steroid hormones be biologically active?

A

Only once they have dissolved in the plasma and dissociated from the carrier protein

31
Q

How is the concentration of steroid hormones in the plasma kept relatively constant?

A

Free hormone removed from the plasma by elimination is replaced by bound hormone dissociating from the carrier protein - the carrier protein acts as a reservoir

32
Q

Describe the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus secretes CRF which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

33
Q

How does the HPA axis act as a negative feedback loop?

A

Cortisol acts on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to reduce the ability to release CRF and ACTH

34
Q

What is the equation for plasma conc of hormones?

A

Plasma conc = rate of secretion - rate of elimination

35
Q

What are the different chemical classes half life?

A

Amines: seconds
Proteins and peptides: minutes
Steriods: hours to days

36
Q

What hormones activate GPCR receptors?

A

Amines and some proteins/ peptides

37
Q

What hormones activate receptor kinases?

A

Insulin - protein

38
Q

What hormones activate nuclear receptors?

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

39
Q

What are the different classes of nuclear receptors?

A

Class 1: located in cytoplasm bound to inhibitory heat shock protein and dissociate from this when ligand binds and moves to nucleus
Class 2: activated by lipids - present in nucleus

40
Q

What is the signalling pathways of GCRP receptors Gi and Gs?

A

Gs, Gi proteins via adenyly cyclase, cAMP and PKA

41
Q

What effect does Gs have on adenyly cyclase?

A

Increased rate of production of cAMP from ATP

42
Q

What effect does Gi have on adenyly cyclase?

A

Reduces the rate of production of cAMP from ATP

43
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

Phosphorylates PKA which causes the phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues in target proteins causing the cellular effects

44
Q

What is the signalling pathways of GCRP receptor Gq?

A

Via PLC, PKC, IP3 calcium and DAG

45
Q

What hormones act through the Gq signalling?

A

Angiotensin 2
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone

46
Q

What hormones act through the Gs signalling?

A

Adrenaline
Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)
Glucagon

47
Q

What hormone acts through the Gi signalling?

A

Melatonin

48
Q

What happens when insulin binds to its receptor kinase?

A

Autophosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues that causes the recruitment of multiple adapted proteins such as insulin receptor substrate protein that is phosphorylates by tyrosine

49
Q

What does the insulin receptor substrate protein do?

A

Activates protein kinase B which causes the desired metabolic effects

50
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

These are all peptide or protein

A 
ACTH  (acts on adrenal cortex) 
GH (acts on liver, bones and muscle) 
FSH (acts on gonads) 
Luteinizing hormone (acts on gonads)
Prolactin (acts on mammary glands) 
TSH (acts on thyroid)
51
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

These are all protein or peptide

A

ADH (acts on renal cortex)

Oxytocin (acts on mammary glands and uterus)

52
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce?

These are all modified amino acids

A

Thyroxine (acts on most tissues)

T3 (acts on most tissues)

53
Q

What hormones does the parathyroid produce?

These are all peptide or protein

A

Calcitonin (acts on bone and gut)

PTH (acts on bone and gut)

54
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

These are steroid

A

Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - cortisol
Zona reticularis - androgens
SALT, SUGAR, SEX

55
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

These are modified amino acids

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

56
Q

What hormoens do the female and male gonads produce?

These are steroids

A

Male: testosterone
Female: Oestroadiol and progesterone

57
Q

What hormones do the placenta produce?

These are peptides and steriods

A

hCG
Oestradiol
Progesterone

Endocrine (35 decks)

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