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Endocrine > Anatomy of the pituitary gland > Flashcards

Anatomy of the pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major endocrine glands in the body?

A

Cranial cavity: hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Neck: 4 parathyroid glands and thyroid gland
Abdomen: 2 adrenal glands and pancreas
Pelvis (female): ovaries in broad ligaments
Pelvis (male): testes in scrotum

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2
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

Where can the diencephalon be found?

A

Central core of the cerebrum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

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4
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

Via the infundibulum/pituitary stalk

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5
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus?

A

The posterior lobe

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6
Q

What are the different parts of the anterior (adenohypophysis) lobe?

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

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7
Q

What are the different parts of the posterior (neurohypophysis) lobe?

A

Pars nervosa

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8
Q

What does the anterior lobe originate from in utero?

A

Rathke’s pouch - glandular tissue

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9
Q

What does the posterior lobe originate from in utero?

A

Neuroendocrine tissue - neural tissue

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10
Q

What hormones will the adenohypophysis release?

A 
GH (growth hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)
PRL (prolactin)
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11
Q

What hormones will the neurohypophysis release?

A

ADH - anti-diuretic hormone

OT - oxytocin

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12
Q

Where are the hormones released from the neurohypophysis made?

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Where can the pituitary gland be found?

A

In the pituitary fossa within the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone

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14
Q

What structures lies superior to the pituitary gland?

A

Optic chiasm

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15
Q

What structures surround the pituitary gland?

A 
Optic chiasm
Occulumotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmis and maxillary divisions of trigeminal
Abducent nerve 
Internal carotid artery
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16
Q

What forms the optic chiasm?

A

Right and left optic nerves

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17
Q

Where do the optic nerves synapse?

A

They pass posterior from the chiasm to synapse in the thalamus where they pass via optic radiation to the visual cortex in occipital lobe

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18
Q

What is the retina split up into?

A

Nasal retina

Temporal retina

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19
Q

What occurs if the pituitary gland increases in size due to a tumour?

A

It will disrupt the action potential from the nasal retina bilaterally (temporal vision) causing the patient to lose the ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field

20
Q

What will loss of vision in the temporal visual field cause?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

21
Q

What is the transcranial approach?

A

Subfrontal - under the frontal lobe

22
Q

What is the transsphenoidal approach?

A

Via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

23
Q

What is a sinus?

A

An air filled space within bones surrounding the nasal cavities

24
Q

What lines the sinuses?

A

Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

25
Q

What is the function of sinuses?

A

Make mucous and drain it into nasal cavities via ostia

Add resonance to voice

26
Q

What are the different sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinus

27
Q

Where are the ethmoid air cells found?

A

Located between the nasal cavity and the orbit

28
Q

Where are the maxillary sinuses found?

A

1 within each maxilla and known clinically as the antrum

29
Q

Where are the sphenoid sinuses found?

A

Within the body of the sphenoid bone

30
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses found?

A

Connect in midline - very anatomically unique between people

31
Q

What bones need to be fractures in the transsphenoidal approach?

A

Nasal septum and the floor (septum) and roof of the sphenoid sinus

32
Q

What do le fort fractures show?

A

The lines of least resistance in the skull

33
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

The dura mater is a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater. It surrounds and supports the dural venous sinuses and carries blood from the brain toward the heart

34
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

35
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater that covers the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa but with a central gap to allow the passing of the brain stem

36
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (inc. brain) into the internal jugular veins

37
Q

What sinuses surround the pituitary gland?

A

Cavernous and intercavernous sinuses

38
Q

What is the function of the optic chiasm and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Conducts APs bilaterally from the nasal retinae and if damaged will cause bitemporal hemianopia

39
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Motor to muscles that move the eyeball
Parasympathetic to sphincter of iris
If damaged will cause problems with several eye movement and a dilated pupil

40
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Motor to the superior oblique muscle that moves the eye inferiorly and laterally and if damaged these movements will be limited

41
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Sensory to most of face
Motor to muscles of mastication
If damaged will cause damage to sensation of face and difficulty chewing

42
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Motor to one muscle in the globe that abducts the eye

43
Q

What is the function of the internal carotid artery and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Supplies arterial blood to the brain and orbit (inc globe) and if damaged will cause catastrophic haemorrhage

44
Q

What is the function of the dura mater and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Protects the structures of the cranial cavity and if damaged will cause a CSF leak

45
Q

What is the function of the cavernous sinus and what will occur if it is injured?

A

Drains venous blood and therefore if damaged will cause a venous haemorrhage

Endocrine (35 decks)

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