Recap lectures 1-2 Flashcards
What’s the difference between radiolucent and radiodense?
1) Radiolucent tissues absorb minimal x-rays = blacker appearance on the “film”
2) Radiodense tissues absorb more x-rays = whiter appearance on the “film”
What two types of imaging have transverse sections as their anatomic view?
CT scans and MRIs
What two types of imaging don’t use radiation?
MRI and ultrasonography
What property does a CT image depend on?
Density
1) What units is density expressed in (in regards to CT scans)?
2) What terms are used to compare structures?
1)Hounsfield unit (HUs), whichspans from +1000 for bones (bright), 0 for water (gray), to -1000 for air (dark)
2) Hyperdense,hypodenseorisodense
1) What do PET scans evaluate? Why?
2) What 2 things can it detect?
1) Physiological function (since they’re dynamic)
2) Increased function and cancer
1) What is Doppler ultrasonography?
2) Give 2 examples of this type of ultrasonography
1) Ultrasounds adjusted for examining blood flow through arteries and veins
2) Transcranial ultrasonography and carotid ultrasonography
Give an example of something that crosses tension lines
Stretch marks
1) What is another name for the cuticle of a nail?
2) What is immediately proximal to this (but underneath the skin)? What’s behind that?
1) Eponychium
2) Root of nail, behind it is the nail matrix
What are the 3 parts of a tooth from superior to inferior?
1) Crown
2) Neck
3) Root
1) What is the most external layer of teeth called?
2) What layer is directly below that?
3) What are those layers protecting?
1) Enamel
2) Dentin
3) The pulp cavity and root canal
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Controlling blood vessels
1) What is plaque?
2) What is a thrombus?
1) A buildup of fat (mostly cholesterol) in arteries
2) A blood clot in arteries as a result of platelets, proteins, and RBCs sticking together
What structure is the body’s internal thermostat? (not in the brain)
The thyroid
1) What is the endocrine function of the testes?
2) What is their exocrine function?
1) Endocrine: secrete testosterone
2) Exocrine: sperm
1) What part of breathing is passive? What part is active?
2) Give an example of a condition that might cause this to change
1) Exhaling is passive, inhaling is active
2) Asthma may cause forceful exhaling
Is the urinary system involved in endocrine functions, exocrine functions, or both?
Both
When does a UTI become cystitis/ pyelonephritis?
When it reaches the kidneys
What are the 5 basic radiodensities?
1) Air: Also known as radiolucent, air appears black on a radiograph.
2) Fat: Appears as a darker gray on a radiograph.
3) Water or soft tissue: Appears gray on a radiograph.
4) Bone: Appears less white than metal on a radiograph.
5) Metal: Also known as radiopaque, metal appears white on a radiograph
What are the 5 elements of neurons?
1) Cell body
2) Dendrites
3) Axons
4) Myelin sheath around some axons
5) Synapse
What is the mnemonic to help remember the order of the cranial nerves?
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1) What type of neuron cell bodies tend to be in the CNS?
2) What about the PNS?
1) Motor tend to be in CNS (UMN, LMN)
2) Sensory tend to be in PNS (DRG)
1) What do dendrites do?
2) What do axons do?
1) Dendrites: impulses from receptors to neuron
2) Axons: impulses from neuron to site of action
What do synapses do?
Communicate with neurotransmitters (excite or inhibit)
What are the 3 functions of myelin?
1) It acts as an electrical insulator for the neuron
2) Prevents depolarization
3) It speeds up conduction/ transmission of an electrical impulse
Define nucleus and give an example
Collection of nerve cell bodies within CNS (lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus)
1) Define gray matter
2) Where’s it’s located?
3) What are the parts of this location?
1) Nerve cell bodies
2) The brain and grey matter horn (H) in spinal cord
3) Parts of horn: anterior (motor), dorsal (sensory), lateral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
1) What is white matter?
2) What are the 3 layers of meninges?
3) Where is the CSF?
1) Fiber tracts
2) Pia, arachnoid, dura mater (split in cranium)
3) Subarachnoid space
1) A collection of nerve cell bodies within CNS is called?
2) A collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS is called?
3) A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei in CNS is called?
1) Nucleus
2) Ganglia
3) A tract
List the order of the spinal nerve sections and how many nerve are in each section
Cervical-8
T-12
L-5
S-5
Coccygeal-1
What are the functional components of the nervous system? Define each.
What may both have?
1) Sensory (afferent): toward brain
2) Motor (efferent): away from brain
3) Somatic (voluntary) and visceral (involuntary) components
What are the two structural categories of the nervous system? Define each
1) CNS: brain and spinal cord
2) PNS: cranial and peripheral nerves “outside” the CNS
1) Define the somatic nervous system
2) What does it provide, and what to? What are the exceptions?
3) What 4 things does it transmit?
4) What does it stimulate?
1) Somatic parts of CNS and PNS
2) General sensory and motor to all parts of body (soma)
-Except: viscera in body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands
3) Touch, pain, temperature, proprioception
4) Skeletal (voluntary) muscle contraction
1) Define visceral nervous system
2) What does it provide? To where?
3) What are its 3 functions?
4) What 3 things does it stimulate?
1) Visceral (autonomic) parts of CNS and PNS
2) Visceral sensory and motor innervation to viscera, smooth muscle, and glands
3) Visceral sensory pain, reflexes, regulates visceral function
4) Smooth muscle in walls of vessels and organs, modified cardiac muscle (intrinsic stimulating and conducting tissue), and glands
What is the mnemonic to help remember whether a cranial nerve is sensory, motor, or both?
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1) What CN nerve(s) arise from the brain?
2) Which CN nerve(s) arise from the spinal cord? What part of the spinal cord and where does it/they go?
1) CN I-X and XII arise from brain
2) CN XI (spinal accessory n.) from cervical spinal cord to transverse foramen magnum into skull
1) What are the 2 types of cranial motor nerves?
2) What are the 3 types of cranial sensory nerves?
1) Somatic and visceral (aka autonomic)
2) Somatic, visceral, special (vision, hearing, taste, balance)
1) The specific region innervated by each somatic spinal nerve is called what?
2) Where are dermatomes guaranteed to end?
3) Why is this important?
1) A dermatome
2) The midline
3) Meningitis sometimes will remain on one side because of dermatomes
1) Are spinal nerve roots sensory, motor, or both?
2) What does is the posterior ramus innervate?
1) Both sensory and motor
2) Mid back
What 3 things are found within the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve?
1) White ramus communicans
2) Sympathetic truck (also runs through posterior)
3) Gray ramus communicans
1) Where does the anterior ramus go?
2) True or false: Peripheral nerves are mixture of modalities
1) Continues to remainder of soma (body)
2) True
What are the 3 types of fibers found within peripheral nerves?
Afferent, efferent, and postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
1) If you feel touch just above your mid back, what ramus is this going to?
2) If you feel touch in your arm, what ramus is this going to?
1) Posterior ramus of spinal nerve
2) Anterior ramus of spinal nerve
1) What type of ganglia are closer to their target organ?
2) What kind is further?
1) Parasympathetic
2) Sympathetic
What is the difference in origin between an upper motor neuron (UMN) and a lower motor neuron (LMN)?
1) UMNs: originate in the cerebral cortex, travel down to the spinal cord or brainstem
2) LMNs: begin in the spinal cord.
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of motor innervation:
1) Where does it come from and go?
2) What is its primary function?
3) Is it catabolic or anabolic? Why?
1) Outflow from CNS to T1-L3
2) Regulate BP (also has other functions)
3) Generally catabolic; to prepare for flight or fight
What are the two divisions of visceral (autonomic) motor innervation?
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)
Parasympathetic motor innervation:
1) Where does it come from and go?
2) Is it catabolic or anabolic? Why?
1) Outflow from the CNS to CNs 3,7,9,10 and S2-3-4
2) Generally anabolic, because it’s promoting normal function and conserving energy
1) Where are the visceral presynaptic (preganglionic) neurons located? Where do they terminate?
2) Where are the visceral postsynaptic (postganglionic) neurons located? Where do they terminate?
-Give examples
1) Grey matter (nuclei) in CNS; synapse with 2nd neuron
2) Outside of CNS in ganglia (paravertebral ganglia); terminate at effector organs
-Exs: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac conduction tissue, etc
Sympathetic motor division:
1) Where are its presynaptic neurons? Where do their fibers outflow?
2) Where are its postsynaptic neurons? What are they conveyed by?
1) Lateral Horn of spinal cord; via thoracolumbar nerves (T1-L3)
2) In paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia; by all branches of the spinal nerves
1) What is the primary function of the sympathetic motor division?
2) What does symp. motor innervate?
3) Are parasympathetic motor fibers related to spinal nerves? If so, how?
1) Modulate BP
2) Smooth muscles of blood vessels, sweat glands, erector pili m. of the skin, cardiac conduction tissue
3) Have limited association with spinal nerves (S 2-3-4)
1) Define paravertebral ganglia
2) What is located here?
3) What is the most superior paravertebral ganglia? Where is it?
4) What is the most inferior? Where is it?
1) Symp.trunks/ chains on either side of vertebral column
2) Symp. postsynaptic neurons
3) Superior cervical ganglia; base of cranium
4) Ganglion impar; where two chains unite at level of coccyx
1) Where are the sympathetic presynaptic neurons found?
2) What part of the spine is this?
1) Paired left and right IMLs (aka lateral horns/ grey matter of cord)
2) T1-L2/L3
What are the two locations of sympathetic postsynaptic neurons? (hint: both ganglia)
1) Paravertebral ganglia
2) Prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia
1) Where are prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia found? (4 places)
2) What is found within them?
1) In plexuses that surround origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta (celiac ganglia) and the aortic, hypogastric, and pelvic plexuses that descend from them
2) Sympathetic postsynaptic neurons
1) Where do symp. presynaptic motor fibers that provide autonomic innervation within the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity go?
2) Where do they exit and go?
3) Where do symp. presynaptic fibers innervating viscera within the abdominopelvic cavity pass through? Where do they synapse?
1) Either ascend within the paravertebral ganglia at current level, ascend or descend then synapse
2) Via grey communicans; into the spinal nerves.
3) Sympathetic chain; within the prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia (then to their effector organ)
Describe the path of the symp. postsynaptic motor fibers that innervate below the head (3 steps)
1) Paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic trunk, then through Gray rami communicantes
2) To adj. anterior rami of spinal nerves
3) Then enter all 31 spinal nerves (incl. posterior rami)
What fiber innervation controls sweating, goosebumps, and vasomotor tone/ BP?
Postsynaptic somatic motor
What is the path of sympathetic motor fibers that go to the head? (3 steps)
1) Post synaptic cell bodies in superior cervical ganglion
2) Follow periarterial plexus of nerves (near br. of carotid artery) into cranium.
3) Hitch a ride with CNs to target organ
1) What do splanchnic postsynaptic symp. motor fibers go through to the viscera of thoracic cavity?
2) Where do they terminate? (3 places)
3) What do they form?
1) Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
2) Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
3) Peri-arterial plexuses
-(following arterial branches to target organs)
What type of nerves do splanchnic presynaptic symp. motor fibers use to innervate the viscera of abdominopelvic cavities?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
What type of fibers are the suprarenal gland innervated by? Where do these terminate?
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers; directly onto adrenal medulla cells
What do adrenal medulla cells act as?
Postsynaptic neurons
1) What are the two types of parasympathetic outflow?
2) What are the two places one of these types goes to?
1) Cranial and sacral
2) Cranial: head and thoracic/abd. viscera
1) List the 3 CNs parasympathetic cranial outflow use to innervate the head
2) List the 4 ganglia parasympathetic cranial outflow uses to innervate the head
1) #s 3, 7, 9
2) Ciliary (pupil), terygopalatine (lacrimal gland), otic (parotid gland), submandibular (sublingual and submandibular salivary glands)
What type of innervation does CNX use to innervate the thoracic and abd viscera above the splenic flexure?
Parasympathetic cranial
1) Where does parasympathetic sacral outflow (innervates body) come from?
2) Describe the path they take.
3) How many places are innervated by this type of outflow? List them
1) S 2-3-4
2) Lateral horn grey matter via anterior S2-4 spinal nerve, anterior rami to pelvic splanchnic nerves
3)
A) Pelvic viscera
B) Erectile tissues of external genitalia and bladder
C) GI from pelvic flexure of colon distal (descending colon, sigmoid colon, & rectum)
1) Does the enteric nervous system rely on the CNS?
2) What modulates the enteric nervous system, just parasympathetic, symp, or both?
1) Functions autonomously from CNS
2) Parasympathetic and sympathetic input
What makes up the enteric nervous system?
Two interconnected plexuses: myenteric (in smooth musc. wall) and submucosal (deep to mucosa)
What 4 things does the enteric nervous system do?
Controls local input and reflex activity for:
1) Exocrine & endocrine secretion
2) Vasomotion
3) Micro-motility
4) Immune activity of the gut
What type of innervation gives input to CNS regarding condition of internal environment and controls visc. and somatic reflexes? Is it usually percieved?
Visceral afferent; no, but can be pain/ hunger/ nausea
Referred pain and nausea caused by a heart attack involves what part of the nervous system?
Visceral afferent
Define myotome
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root
What does the corticospinal tract run through in the spine?
The lateral column
