Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(PA school) Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2 nervous ppt > Flashcards

Lecture 2 nervous ppt Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 elements of neurons?

A

1) Cell body
2) Dendrites
3) Axons
4) Myelin sheath around some axons
5) Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mnemonic to help remember the order of the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1) What type of neuron cell bodies tend to be in the CNS?
2) What about the PNS?

A

1) Motor tend to be in CNS (UMN, LMN)
2) Sensory tend to be in PNS (DRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1) What do dendrites do? 2) What do axons do?

A

1) Dendrites: impulses from receptors to neuron
2) Axons: impulses from neuron to site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Communicate with neurotransmitters (excite or inhibit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Support, insulate, & nourish neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 functions of myelin?

A

1) It acts as an electrical insulator for the neuron
2) Prevents depolarization
3) It speeds up conduction/ transmission of an electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Integrate and coordinate signals to and from soma (body) & central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1) Define nucleus and give an example
2) Define ganglia and give an example
3) Define tracts and give 2 examples

A

1) Nucleus: collection of nerve cell bodies within CNS (lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus)
2) Ganglia: collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS (paravertebral sympathetic ganglia)
3) Tracts: bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei in CNS.
-Ex: corticospinal tract or corticobulbar tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1) Define gray matter
2) Where’s it’s located?
3) What are its parts?

A

1) Nerve cell bodies
2) The brain and grey matter horn (H) in spinal cord
3) Parts of horn: anterior (motor), dorsal (sensory), lateral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1) What is white matter?
2) What are the 3 layers of meninges?
3) Where is the CSF?

A

1) Fiber tracts
2) Pia, arachnoid, dura mater (split in cranium)
3) Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1) A collection of nerve cell bodies within CNS is called?
2) A collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS is called?
3) A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei in CNS is called?

A

1) Nerves
2) Ganglia
3) A tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the order of the spinal nerve sections and how many is in each section

A

Cervical-8
T-12
L-5
S-5
Coccygeal-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functional components of the nervous system? Define each.
What may both have?

A

1) Sensory (afferent): toward brain
2) Motor (efferent): away from brain
3) Both sensory and motor may have: somatic (voluntary) and visceral (involuntary) components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two structural categories of the nervous system? Define each

A

1) CNS: brain and spinal cord
2) PNS: cranial and peripheral nerves “outside” the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

1) What is the gray matter of the CNS made of?
2) What is the white matter of the CNS made of?
3) What are the nerve cell bodies of the PNS called?
4) Does the PNS have fiber tracks?

A

1) CNS grey matter: nerve cells, nuclei
2) CNS white matter: fiber tracks
3) Ganglia
4) Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1) Define the somatic nervous system
2) What does it provide, and what to? What is the exception?
3) What 4 things does it transmit?
4) What does it stimulate?

A

1) Somatic parts of CNS and PNS
2) Provides general sensory and motor to all parts of body (soma)
-Except the viscera in body cavities, smooth muscle and glands
3) Somatic sensory transmits touch, pain, temperature, proprioception
4) Skeletal (voluntary) muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1) Define visceral nervous system
2) What does it provide?
3) What are its 3 functions?
4) What 3 things does it stimulate?

A

1) Visceral (autonomic) parts of CNS and PNS
2) Visceral sensory and motor innervation to viscera, smooth muscle, and glands
3) Visceral sensory pain, reflexes, regulates visceral function
4) Stimulates smooth muscle in walls of vessels and organs, modified cardiac muscle (intrinsic stimulating and conducting tissue), and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mnemonic to help remember whether a cranial nerve is sensory, motor, or both?

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

1) What CN nerve(s) arise from the brain?
2) Which CN nerve(s) arise from the spinal cord? What part of the spinal cord and where does it/they go?

A

1) CN I-X and XII arise from brain
2) CN XI (spinal accessory n.) from cervical spinal cord to transverse foramen magnum into skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1) What are the two types of cranial motor nerves?
2) What are the three types of cranial sensory nerves?

A

1) Motor: Somatic, visceral (autonomic)
2) Sensory: Somatic, visceral (autonomic), special (vision, hearing, taste, balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1) How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
2) List the number in each section of the spine
3) Where do they originate and emerge?
4) What does each nerve do?

A

1) 31 pairs
2) C8, T12, L5, S5, Co1 (differ than vertebral count)
3) Originate and emerge from the spinal cord
4) Each follows a defined path and serves a specific region of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1) The specific region innervated by each somatic spinal nerve is called what?
2) Where are dermatomes guaranteed to end?
3) Why is this important?

A

1) A dermatome
2) The midline
3) Meningitis sometimes will remain on one side because of dermatomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give 4 examples of what special cranial sensory nerves are responsible for

A

Vision, hearing, taste, balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

1) Are spinal nerve roots sensory, motor, or both?
2) What does is the posterior ramus innervate?

A

1) Both sensory and motor
2)Mid back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What 3 things are found in the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve

A

1) White ramus communicans
2) Sympathetic truck (also runs through posterior)
3) Gray ramus communicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

1) Where does the anterior ramus go?
2) True or false: Peripheral nerves are mixture of modalities

A

1) Continues to remainder of soma
2) True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers found within peripheral nerves?

A

Afferent, efferent, and postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If you feel touch just above your mid back, what ramus is this going to?

A

Posterior ramus of spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If you feel touch in your arm, what ramus is this going to?

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

1) What type of ganglia are closer to their target organ?
2) What kind is further?

A

1) Parasympathetic is close
2) Sympathetic is further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the difference between a upper motor neuron (UMN) and a lower motor neuron (LMN)

A

UMNs originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the spinal cord or brainstem, while LMNs begin in the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

1) If there’s a peripheral nerve injury, what do you know has survived if function is able to be restored?
2) What happens around the lesion? Why?

A

1) Neurons survive
2) Axons degenerate distal to the lesion because of loss of “life support”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

1) Describe how healing peripheral nerves from a crush injury works
2) Describe how healing peripheral nerves from a severed (cut) nerve injury works
3) What may a vasa nervorum injury result in?

A

1) If nerve cell body survives and connective tissue coverings of nerve intact, they guide regenerating axon to their destination
2) Surgical repair often needed for apposition of the severed ends of the connective tissue “guide” to direct axons growth to their correct destination
3) Ischemia may result in damage to nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of motor innervation:
1) Where does it come from and go?
2) What is its primary function?
3) Is it catabolic or anabolic? Why?

A

1) Out flow from the CNS to spinal cord segments T1-L3
2)To regulate blood pressure (but also has other functions)
3) Generally catabolic to prepare for flight or fight

37
Q

What are the two divisions of visceral motor innervation?

A

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)

38
Q

Parasympathetic motor innervation:
1) Where does it come from and go?
2) Is it catabolic or anabolic? Why?

A

1) Out flow from the CNS
to CNs 3,7,9,10 and S2-3-4
2) Generally anabolic, because it’s promoting normal function and conserving energy

39
Q

1) Do sympathetic and parasympathetic usually innervate same structures, or different structures?
2) Where are the visceral presynaptic (preganglionic) neurons located? Where do they terminate?
3) Where are the visceral postsynaptic (postganglionic) neurons located? Where do they terminate? Give examples

A

1) Usually innervate same structures but have contrasting/coordinating effects
2) Grey matter (nuclei) in CNS; their axons synapse with 2nd neuron
3) Outside of CNS in ganglia (paravertebral ganglia); their axons terminate at effector organs
Exs: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac conduction tissue, etc

40
Q

Sympathetic motor division:
1) Where are its presynaptic neurons? Where do their fibers outflow?
2) Where are its postsynaptic neurons? What are they conveyed by?

A

1) Lateral Horn of spinal cord; fibers outflow via thoracolumbar spinal nerves (T1-L3)
2) In paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia; conveyed by all branches of the spinal nerves

41
Q

1) What is the primary function of the sympathetic motor division?
2) What all does it innervate?
3) Are parasympathetic motor fibers related to spinal nerves? If so, how?

A

1) Modulate blood pressure
2) Smooth muscles of blood vessels, sweat glands, erector pili m. of the skin, cardiac conduction tissue
3) They have limited association with spinal nerves (S 2-3-4)

42
Q

1) Where are the sympathetic presynaptic neurons found?
2) What part of the spine is this?

A

1) Paired left and right intermediolateral cell columns (IMLs) aka, lateral horns (grey matter of cord)
2) T1-L2/L3

43
Q

What are the two locations of sympathetic postsynaptic neurons?

A

1) Paravertebral ganglia
2) Prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia

44
Q

1) Define paravertebral ganglia
2) What is located here?
3) What is the most superior paravertebral ganglia? Where is it?
4) What is the most inferior? Where is it?

A

1) Sympathetic trunks or chains on either side of vertebral column
2) Sympathetic postsynaptic neurons
3) The superior cervical ganglia: at base of cranium
4) Ganglion impar: where two chains unite at level of coccyx

45
Q

1) Where are prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia found? (4 places)
2) What is found within them?

A

1) In plexuses that surround origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta (celiac ganglia) and the aortic, hypogastric, and pelvic plexuses that descend from them
2) Sympathetic postsynaptic neurons

46
Q

1) Where do sympathetic presynaptic motor fibers that provide autonomic innervation within the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity go?
2) Where do they exit?
3) Where do presynaptic sympathetic fibers innervating viscera within the abdominopelvic cavity pass through? Where do they synapse?

A

1) They either ascend within the paravertebral ganglia at current level, ascend or descend then synapse
2) Exit via grey communicans into the spinal nerves.
3) Pass through sympathetic chain; synapse within the prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia, then to their effector organ

47
Q

What are the two structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

48
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

Motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)

49
Q

Describe the path of the sympathetic postsynaptic motor fibers that innervate the neck, body wall, & limbs. (3 steps)

A

1) Pass from paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic trunk via Gray rami communicantes
2) To adjacent anterior rami of spinal nerves
3) Then enter all 31 spinal nerves (Including posterior rami)

50
Q

Do sympathetic postsynaptic motor fibers enter all spinal nerves?

A

Yes, they enter all 31, including their posterior rami

51
Q

Give 3 examples of things done by postsynaptic somatic motor fibers

A

1) Regulate blood pressure via of blood vessels tone; vasomotor tone
2) Erector pili muscles in skin (goose bumps)
3) Diaphoresis (sweating)

52
Q

Define diaphoresis

A

Sweating

53
Q

What would happen if sympathetic postsynaptic motor neurons stopped working? (3 things)

A

You would lose all vasomotor tone (so die), not be able to form goosebumps, and not be able to sweat

54
Q

What is the path of sympathetic motor fibers that go to the head? (3 steps)

A

1) They all have their post synaptic cell bodies in superior cervical ganglion
2) Ascend into cranium via periarterial plexus of nerves following branch of the carotid artery
3) Hitch a ride with cranial nerves to target organ (eye via CN III, oculomotor nerve).

55
Q

Define splanchnic

A

Internal abdominal organs

56
Q

1) What do sympathetic splanchnic nerves do?
2) Where do the postsynaptic sympathetic splanchnic motor fibers go?
3) Where do the presynaptic sympathetic splanchnic motor fibers go?

A

1) Convey visceral efferent and afferent nerves to and from the viscera of the body cavities
2) Post: To viscera of thoracic cavity
3) Pre: Viscera of abdominopelvic cavities

57
Q

1) What is the path splanchnic postsynaptic sympathetic motor fibers take to the viscera of thoracic cavity?
2) Where do they terminate? (3 places)
3) What do they form?

A

1) They course through the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
2) They enter the cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
3) Form peri-arterial plexuses following arterial branches to target organs

58
Q

1) What is the path splanchnic presynaptic sympathetic motor fibers take to the viscera of abdominopelvic cavities?
2) Where do they terminate? List all 6 places

A

1) Via abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves)
2) The prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia: celiac, aorticorenal, superior& inferior mesenteric, aortic, hypogastric, & pelvic ganglia

59
Q

What is the suprarenal gland also called?

A

Adrenal gland

60
Q

1) What is the suprarenal gland innervated by? What is the path it takes to get there (2 steps), and where do these nerve fibers terminate?
2) What do the cells the nerve fibers terminate on function as? What do they release?

A

1) Presynaptic sympathetic fibers:
A) Pass through sympathetic ganglia chain B) And through prevertebral (aorticorenal) ganglia to terminate directly onto adrenal medulla cells
2) Function as postsynaptic neurons; release neurotransmitter (NE) directly into blood stream for widespread sympathetic response

61
Q

What do adrenal medulla cells act as?

A

Postsynaptic neurons

62
Q

What type of fibers innervate the suprarenal gland?

A

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers

63
Q

What are the two types of parasympathetic outflow?

A

Cranial and sacral

64
Q

What are the two groups of places parasympathetic cranial outflow goes?

A

1) The head
2) The thoracic and abdominal viscera

65
Q

1) How many nerves does parasympathetic cranial outflow use to innervate the head? List them
2) How many pairs of ganglia does parasympathetic cranial outflow use to innervate the head? List them and what each effects.

A

1) 3 CN: #s 3, 7, 9)
2) 4 pair of ganglia:
A) Ciliary ganglia (pupil)
B) Terygopalatine (lacrimal gland)
C) Otic (parotid gland)
D) Submandibular (Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands)

66
Q

1) How many nerves does parasympathetic cranial outflow use to innervate the thoracic and abdominal viscera? List them
2) What is innervated?

A

1) CN X, Vagus n.
2) All thoracic viscera and GI to the splenic flexure of colon

67
Q

1) What does parasympathetic sacral outflow use to innervate the head?
2) Describe the path they take.
3) How many places are innervated by this type of outflow? List them

A

1) S 2-3-4 cord segment
2) Lateral horn grey matter via anterior S2-4 spinal nerve, anterior rami to pelvic splanchnic nerves
3)
A) Pelvic viscera
B) Erectile tissues of external genitalia and bladder
C) GI from pelvic flexure of colon distal (descending colon, sigmoid colon, & rectum)

68
Q

Which’s ganglion are embedded near its target organ, sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

69
Q

1) Is sympathetic catabolic or anabolic? Why? What about parasympathetic?
2) Where are sympathetic presynaptic bodies located? What about parasympathetic?

A

1) Sympathetic is catabolic for flight or fight. Parasympathetic is anabolic to conserve energy
2)
-Sympathetic presynaptic bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord.
-Parasympathetic presynaptic cell bodies in cranial gray matter & S2-3-4 lateral horn gray matter.

70
Q

Are parasympathetic postsynaptic fibers long or short? Why?

A

Relatively short because they run from a ganglion embedded near or in target organ

71
Q

1) Where are sympathetic postsynaptic bodies located? What about parasympathetic?
2) Are sympathetic presynaptic fibers long or short? What about parasympathetic?
2) Are sympathetic postsynaptic fibers long or short? What about parasympathetic?

A

1)
-Sympathetic postsynaptic bodies located in the sympathetic trunk ganglia or prevertebral ganglia.
-Parasympathetic post synaptic bodies in cranial ganglia (4 pair) or walls of the target organ
2) Sympathetic presynaptic sympathetic fibers are relatively short. Parasympathetic presynaptic fibers are for the most part long.
3) Sympathetic postsynaptic fibers are relatively long & extend to all parts of the body. Parasympathetic postsynaptic relatively short running from a ganglion embedded near or in target organ.

72
Q

1) Does the enteric nervous system rely on the CNS?
2) What modulates the enteric nervous system?

A

1) Functions autonomously from CNS
2) Parasympathetic and sympathetic input

73
Q

What makes up the enteric nervous system?

A

Two interconnected plexuses: myenteric and submucosal

74
Q

Do the two plexuses of the enteric nervous system function entirely independently of each other?

A

No, they’re interconnected

75
Q

List and describe the locations of the plexuses of the enteric nervous system

A

1) Myenteric plexus: in wall smooth muscle
2) Submucosal plexus: deep to mucosa

76
Q

What 4 things does the enteric nervous system do?

A

Controls local input and reflex activity for:
1) Exocrine & endocrine secretion
2) Vasomotion
3) Micro-motility
4) Immune activity of the gut

77
Q

What part of the nervous system has had its existence debated?

A

Visceral afferent

78
Q

1) Are we aware of the actions of the visceral afferent part of the nervous system? What does it do?
2) What two things does it trigger?

A

1) Usually unaware; gives input to CNS regarding condition of internal environment
2) Visceral and somatic reflexes

79
Q

When we do perceive visceral afferent input, what is that perception like?

A

Input that reaches conscious level is often poorly localized PAIN, hunger, or nausea

80
Q

1) How do we perceive normal visceral afferent activity?
2) How do we perceive pathologic visceral afferent activity? Give an example

A

1) Usually produces no stimulation of conscious perception
2) Pathologic, such as ischemia, lowers normal threshold and pain is perceived

81
Q

Give two more examples of perception of pathologic activity of the nervous system

A

1) MI causes referred pain, nausea
2) Acute distension, spasm or strong contraction of GI tract

82
Q

Referred pain and nausea caused by a heart attack involves what part of the nervous system?

A

Visceral afferent

83
Q

1) What two things travel in visceral afferent fibers that accompany the parasympathetic fibers retrograde?
2) Most visceral pain impulses from the heart and most organs of the peritoneal cavity travel what path? Where do they synapse?

A

1) Most visceral reflex (unconscious) sensations, and some pain
2) Centrally via visceral afferent fibers accompanying sympathetic fibers retrograde and synapse in DR (dorsal root)

84
Q

1) Why can you have referred pain?
2) What about with a heart attack specifically?

A

1) Visceral pain is transmitted retrograde via visceral afferent fibers of sympathetic fibers to the spinal DRG (dorsal root ganglia), so pain can be “referred” to that spinal cord segment’s dermatome
2) T1-4/5 visceral afferent fibers (of sympathetic fibers) transmit pain from the heart to the spinal DRG, so pain is “referred” to the T1-4/5 dermatome

85
Q

Define myotome

A

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root

86
Q

1) What does the corticospinal tract run through?
2) How long is it?

A

1) The lateral column of spine
2) Goes from C1 to L1 or L2

87
Q

1) Where are the sympathetic presynaptic neurons found?
2) What about postsynaptic?

A

1) In intermediolateral cell columns (IMLs) aka, lateral horns (grey matter of cord)
2) Paravertebral and prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia

88
Q
A

(PA school) Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions