Lecture 1 powerpoint

Question 1

List and describe the 3 approaches to anatomy

Answer 1

1) Regional: emphasizes relationships of various systemic structures within the region along with surface anatomy
2) Systemic: study by organ systems
3) Clinical (applied): structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine; both regional and systemic for clinical application

Question 2

1) Define regional anatomy and give examples.
2) What does regional anatomy place an emphasis on (2 things)
3) What is an extension of regional anatomy? Give an example

Answer 2

1) Studying the body’s structure by focusing attention on a specific part. Examples: right anterior knee, RUQ, left infraorbital.
2) Focuses on relationships of various systemic structures, and surface anatomy is an essential component (visual or palpable structures).
3) Physical exam is a clinical extension (ex: right adnexal pain).

Question 3

How is the body organized?

Answer 3

In layers

Question 4

1) Name 4 functions of the integumentary system
2) Name 2 types of glands of the integumentary system

Answer 4

1) Protection, heat regulation (sweat), synthesizes/stores vitamin D (renal involvement), sensation
2) Pilosebaceous glands and mammary glands

Question 5

List the 3 layers of the skin from external to internal

Answer 5

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis or superficial fascia)

Question 6

1) What type of cells make up the epidermis?
2) How thick is the epidermis?
3) What keeps the epidermis from just falling off the body?
4) List some defining characteristics of the epidermis
5) Is there nervous system involvement in the epidermis?

Answer 6

1) Stratified squamous epithelium
2) 0.5-1.5 mm thick
3) Epidermal ridges “lock” onto papillary dermis
4) Keratinized, shedding, avascular
5) Some afferent sensory receptors: pain, temp, touch

Question 7

1) How thick is the dermis?
2) What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
3) What type of testing can be done on the dermis?

Answer 7

1) Varies in thickness from 0.3 mm (eyelids) to 3.0 mm (back)
2) Connective tissue
3) ID testing; PPD, allergy skin testing

Question 8

What are the two layers of the dermis? Describe them

Answer 8

1) Papillary layer: “Locks” onto epidermis ridges
2) Reticular layer: thicker

Question 9

1) What part of the integumentary system is responsible for tension lines?
2) What do tension lines do?
3) How are tension lines important to medicine?

Answer 9

1) Dermis
2) Keep skin taught yet flexible
3) Surgical incisions or traumatic lacerations parallel heal well, minimal scarring. If lacerations/incisions cross lines, gape, keloid formation

Question 10

1) What part of the integumentary system is responsible for stretch marks?
2) What causes stretch marks?
3) What colors are stretch marks? Do they disappear?

Answer 10

1) Dermal collagen and elastic fibers
2) Collagen and fibers stretched too far/fast
3) Red…purple…white….fade but rarely disappear completely

Question 11

1) Give two other names for subcutaneous (SQ) tissue
2) What makes up SQ tissue?
3) What runs through SQ tissue?
4) How is this layer important to medicine?

Answer 11

1) The hypodermis or superficial fascia
2) Loose connective tissue (superficial) and adipose tissue storage
3) Vessels, lymphatics, & cutaneous nerves
4) It’s the layer we infiltrate for local anesthesia for minor procedures; suturing, I&D

Question 12

1) Where can deep (investing) fascia be found?
2) What are two features of deep fascia? What do they do?
3) How is deep fascia medically significant?

Answer 12

1) Envelops most of the body; deep to skin and SQ
2) a) Retinacula hold tendons during joint movement,
b) Bursae are closed sacs with fluid to prevent friction
3) Responsible for facial planes and compartments within the extremities

Question 13

1) What two things allow us to feel touch and pressure?
2) What two things allow us to feel pain, itch, and temperature?

Answer 13

1) Meissner’s and Vater-Pacini corpuscles in dermis
2) Papillary dermis/ epidermal ridges

Question 14

1) How is low intensity inflammatory stimulation perceived? What about high intensity?
2) Explain scratching an itch

Answer 14

1) Low intensity inflammatory stimulation = itch. Higher intensity = pain.
2) Scratching converts itch into pain and relieves sensation

Question 15

1) What ANS fibers are associated with apocrine sweat glands? What else are they associated with?
2) What ANS fibers are associated with eccrine sweat glands? What is unique about them?

Answer 15

1) Adrenergic fibers; vasculature and erector pili
2) Cholinergic fibers (unique neurotransmitter for sympathetic)

Question 16

1) Give an example of an intradermal vaccination
2) Give an example of intradermal testing?
3) When would a SQ local nerve block be used?

Answer 16

1) Monkey pox
2) PPD for MTB test
3) For minor skin procedures, such as shave or punch biopsy, suturing lacerations, digital blocks for nail removal

Question 17

List and describe the 3 types of burns

Answer 17

1) Superficial: superficial epidermis involved. Ex: sunburn
2) Partial thickness:
Into superficial dermis, sweat glands and hair follicles may provide regenerative cells
3) Full thickness: Entire epidermis and dermis, even SQ and muscle may be involved; requires skin grafting

Question 18

List and give an example of the 5 types of bones

Answer 18

1) Long bones: humerus
2) Short bones: carpus and tarsus (cuboidal)
3) Flat bones: cranium
4) Irregular bones: facial
5) Sesamoid bones: patella (category develops within certain tendons)

Question 19

1) All bone is derived from what?
2) What are the two types of bone formation?

Answer 19

1) Mesenchyme
2) Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Question 20

1) When does intramembranous ossification happen and how?
2) Describe endochondral ossification during the fetal period versus after birth
3) List the 3 steps of endochondral ossification and what each forms

Answer 20

1) During fetal period; bone forms directly from mesenchyme
2) Mesenchyme to cartilaginous during fetal period, then bone replaces cartilage
3) a) Primary ossification: diaphysis
b) Secondary ossification: epiphyses
c) Epiphyseal plates (physis; growth plates)

Question 21

1) What type of arteries supply bone marrow, spongy bone, deeper compact bone?
2) What type of arteries supply most of the compact bone?
3) What two types of arteries supply the end of the bones and arise from vessels that supply the joints?

Answer 21

1) Nutrient arteries
2) Periosteal arteries (periosteum = vital like bark on a tree)
3) Metaphysial and epiphysial arteries

Question 22

1) What accompany bone-supplying blood vessels?
2) What is richly supplied with sensory nerves? What are these nerves called?

Answer 22

1) Nerves
2) Periosteum; called periosteal nerves

Question 23

1) Are periosteal nerves sensitive? Describe.
2) Does bone have a lot of sensory nerve endings?

Answer 23

1) Very sensitive to pain, tearing, or tension; acute pain from fractures
2) No, bone itself sparsely supplied with sensory endings

Question 24

1) List the 3 types of joints
2) What type of joint is associated with DJD, RA, and gout?

Answer 24

1) Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
2) Synovial

Question 25

1) Give 3 examples of fibrous joints
2) Give 2 examples of cartilaginous joints
3) What features are associated with synovial joints?

Answer 25

1) Fibrous: Suture, dental alveolar, syndesmosis
2) Cartilaginous: epiphysial line and IVD (intervertebral disc)
3) Joint capsule, synovial fluid, & articular cartilage

Question 26

1) What describes how nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the overlying skin?
2) Why can synovial joints be painful?
3) What sense are joints responsible for?

Answer 26

1) Hilton Law
2) Pain fibers in fibrous layer joint capsule
3) Proprioception

Question 27

What happens if a bone (esp. its epiphysis) loses blood supply for too long? Give two examples of this

Answer 27

1) Avascular necrosis causes bone death
2) Sequestrum and AVN of femoral head

Question 28

1) Define degenerative joint disease (DJD). What does it result in?
2) Where is DJD most common?
3) Does DJD progress quickly or slowly?

Answer 28

1) Synovial joint degeneration; wearing of the articular cartilage that results in loss of function, pain
2) Weight bearing joints and hands
3) Progresses slowly, unless after acute trauma (quickly)

Question 29

List 5 functions of the muscular system

Answer 29

1) Allows manipulation of environment
2) Movement
3) Facial expression
4) Maintains posture
5) Produces heat

Question 30

1) List the 3 types of muscle
2) Which type is found in vessel walls and hollow organs?

Answer 30

1) Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
2) Smooth

Question 31

1) What type of phasic muscle contraction involves no length change?
2) What type of phasic contraction shortens the muscle?
3) What are the two phases of isotonic contraction? What is the muscle doing in each?

Answer 31

1) Isometric contraction = no change
2) Isotonic contraction = changes length
3) Concentric (muscle shortens under load) and eccentric (muscle lengthens under load)

Question 32

1) Define motor unit
2) What does HFpEF stand for?
3) What does EMG stand for?

Answer 32

1) A LMN and the muscle fibers it innervates
2) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
3) Electromyography

Question 33

1) The heart and blood vessels make up the ________ system
2) What does this system transport? How? Where to and where from?

Answer 33

1) Cardiovascular
2) Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes using arteries, capillary beds, and veins
between the lungs and systemic tissue

Question 34

List the 3 layers of blood vessels and what each is made of

Answer 34

1) Tunica intima: endothelial lining
2) Tunica media: smooth muscle
3) Tunica adventitia: outer connective tissue

Question 35

1) What is the order of blood flow beginning with arteries?
2) Are veins or arteries thinner walled? Why?
3) What blood vessel tissue layer is responsible for atherosclerosis?

Answer 35

1) Arteries, capillaries, veins
2) Veins are thinner walled due to diminished tunica media and valves
3) Tunica intimia

Question 36

List 4 functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 36

1) Interstitial fluid balance
2) Filter system
3) Digestive function (chyle)
4) Immune function

Question 37

What are the two main ducts of the lymphatic system? What parts of the body do they serve?

Answer 37

1) Right lymphatic duct drains upper right quadrant of body
2) Thoracic duct drains the rest

Question 38

1) What type of structure secretes hormones?
2) Where are hormones secreted into? Why?

Answer 38

1) Glands
2) The circulatory system; to bring about changes at distant sites

Question 39

1) What are the two major types of glands?
2) What type of glands secrete “hormones” through ducts to exert local effects?

Answer 39

1) Endocrine and exocrine
2) Exocrine

Question 40

Name 3 functions of the respiratory system

Answer 40

1) Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange/homeostasis
2) Acid base balance
3) Voice

Question 41

1) What group of respiratory illnesses is a common killer of American adults?
2) What illnesses does this group include?

Answer 41

1) Chronic lung disease
2) COPD, asthma, RSV in infants, HMD, lung cancer, interstitial lung disease
CF, bronchiectasis

Question 42

Name 4 functions of the digestive system

Answer 42

1) Breaks down food into absorbable units
2) Immune function
3) Hormonal function
4) Exocrine function

Question 43

List some common digestive system illnesses

Answer 43

GERD
Colon cancer
Peptic ulcer disease
Gall bladder disease
Chronic hepatitis – Hepatitis C, hepatocarcinoma, alcoholic cirrhosis
Pancreatitis
IBS, IBD

Question 44

List 4 functions of the urinary system

Answer 44

1) Water/electrolyte balance
2) Waste removal
3) Acid base balance
4) Hormonal functions
(EPO and RBCs, renin and blood pressure)

Question 45

1) Name 3 chronic kidney diseases
2) List 2 other illnesses of the urinary system

Answer 45

1) T2DM, HTN, Autoimmune disease (Lupus)
2) UTI (cystitis/pyelonephritis) and post-strep glomerulonephritis

Question 46

1) What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
2) What female organ produces germ cells? What male organ?

Answer 46

1) Procreation
2) Ovary; testis

Question 47

Name 4 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 47

1) Protects and supports body organs
2) Framework for muscles
3) Mineral storage
4) Blood cell formation

Question 48

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 48

Axial (main portion) and appendicular (pelvic girdle, clavicle, scapula, and limbs)

Question 49

1) How does cartilage receive nutrients?
2) List characteristics of cartilage
3) Where can cartilage be found on bone?
4) What happens to cartilage with age?

Answer 49

1) Avascular, so nutrients through diffusion
2) Resilient, semirigid, flexible (e.g. - costal cartilage of ribs)
3) Articulating surface of bones capped with articular cartilage
4) Changes; degenerative, replaced with bone, erodes

Question 50

Bone is a dynamic living tissue, so list some of the processes it can go through

Answer 50

Hypertrophy, atrophy, osteopenia, osteoporosis, facture healing (callus formation)

Question 51

List 5 functions of bone

Answer 51

1) Protection for vital structures
2) Support for the body and vital cavities
3) Mechanical basis of movement
4) Storage of minerals
5) Manufacture blood in medullary cavities