Lecture 1 powerpoint Flashcards
List and describe the 3 approaches to anatomy
1) Regional: emphasizes relationships of various systemic structures within the region along with surface anatomy
2) Systemic: study by organ systems
3) Clinical (applied): structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine; both regional and systemic for clinical application
1) Define regional anatomy and give examples.
2) What does regional anatomy place an emphasis on (2 things)
3) What is an extension of regional anatomy? Give an example
1) Studying the body’s structure by focusing attention on a specific part. Examples: right anterior knee, RUQ, left infraorbital.
2) Focuses on relationships of various systemic structures, and surface anatomy is an essential component (visual or palpable structures).
3) Physical exam is a clinical extension (ex: right adnexal pain).
How is the body organized?
In layers
1) Name 4 functions of the integumentary system
2) Name 2 types of glands of the integumentary system
1) Protection, heat regulation (sweat), synthesizes/stores vitamin D (renal involvement), sensation
2) Pilosebaceous glands and mammary glands
List the 3 layers of the skin from external to internal
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis or superficial fascia)
1) What type of cells make up the epidermis?
2) How thick is the epidermis?
3) What keeps the epidermis from just falling off the body?
4) List some defining characteristics of the epidermis
5) Is there nervous system involvement in the epidermis?
1) Stratified squamous epithelium
2) 0.5-1.5 mm thick
3) Epidermal ridges “lock” onto papillary dermis
4) Keratinized, shedding, avascular
5) Some afferent sensory receptors: pain, temp, touch
1) How thick is the dermis?
2) What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
3) What type of testing can be done on the dermis?
1) Varies in thickness from 0.3 mm (eyelids) to 3.0 mm (back)
2) Connective tissue
3) ID testing; PPD, allergy skin testing
What are the two layers of the dermis? Describe them
1) Papillary layer: “Locks” onto epidermis ridges
2) Reticular layer: thicker
1) What part of the integumentary system is responsible for tension lines?
2) What do tension lines do?
3) How are tension lines important to medicine?
1) Dermis
2) Keep skin taught yet flexible
3) Surgical incisions or traumatic lacerations parallel heal well, minimal scarring. If lacerations/incisions cross lines, gape, keloid formation
1) What part of the integumentary system is responsible for stretch marks?
2) What causes stretch marks?
3) What colors are stretch marks? Do they disappear?
1) Dermal collagen and elastic fibers
2) Collagen and fibers stretched too far/fast
3) Red…purple…white….fade but rarely disappear completely
1) Give two other names for subcutaneous (SQ) tissue
2) What makes up SQ tissue?
3) What runs through SQ tissue?
4) How is this layer important to medicine?
1) The hypodermis or superficial fascia
2) Loose connective tissue (superficial) and adipose tissue storage
3) Vessels, lymphatics, & cutaneous nerves
4) It’s the layer we infiltrate for local anesthesia for minor procedures; suturing, I&D
1) Where can deep (investing) fascia be found?
2) What are two features of deep fascia? What do they do?
3) How is deep fascia medically significant?
1) Envelops most of the body; deep to skin and SQ
2)
a) Retinacula hold tendons during joint movement,
b) Bursae are closed sacs with fluid to prevent friction
3) Responsible for facial planes and compartments within the extremities
1) What two things allow us to feel touch and pressure?
2) What two things allow us to feel pain, itch, and temperature?
1) Meissner’s and Vater-Pacini corpuscles in dermis
2) Papillary dermis/ epidermal ridges
1) How is low intensity inflammatory stimulation perceived? What about high intensity?
2) Explain scratching an itch
1) Low intensity inflammatory stimulation = itch. Higher intensity = pain.
2) Scratching converts itch into pain and relieves sensation
1) What ANS fibers are associated with apocrine sweat glands? What else are they associated with?
2) What ANS fibers are associated with eccrine sweat glands? What is unique about them?
1) Adrenergic fibers; vasculature and erector pili
2) Cholinergic fibers (unique neurotransmitter for sympathetic)
1) Give an example of an intradermal vaccination
2) Give an example of intradermal testing?
3) When would a SQ local nerve block be used?
1) Monkey pox
2) PPD for MTB test
3) For minor skin procedures, such as shave or punch biopsy, suturing lacerations, digital blocks for nail removal
List and describe the 3 types of burns
1) Superficial: superficial epidermis involved. Ex: sunburn
2) Partial thickness:
Into superficial dermis, sweat glands and hair follicles may provide regenerative cells
3) Full thickness: Entire epidermis and dermis, even SQ and muscle may be involved; requires skin grafting
List and give an example of the 5 types of bones
1) Long bones: humerus
2) Short bones: carpus and tarsus (cuboidal)
3) Flat bones: cranium
4) Irregular bones: facial
5) Sesamoid bones: patella (category develops within certain tendons)
1) All bone is derived from what?
2) What are the two types of bone formation?
1) Mesenchyme
2) Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
1) When does intramembranous ossification happen and how?
2) Describe endochondral ossification during the fetal period versus after birth
3) List the 3 steps of endochondral ossification and what each forms
1) During fetal period; bone forms directly from mesenchyme
2) Mesenchyme to cartilaginous during fetal period, then bone replaces cartilage
3) a) Primary ossification: diaphysis
b) Secondary ossification: epiphyses
c) Epiphyseal plates (physis; growth plates)
1) What type of arteries supply bone marrow, spongy bone, deeper compact bone?
2) What type of arteries supply most of the compact bone?
3) What two types of arteries supply the end of the bones and arise from vessels that supply the joints?
1) Nutrient arteries
2) Periosteal arteries (periosteum = vital like bark on a tree)
3) Metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
1) What accompany bone-supplying blood vessels?
2) What is richly supplied with sensory nerves? What are these nerves called?
1) Nerves
2) Periosteum; called periosteal nerves
1) Are periosteal nerves sensitive? Describe.
2) Does bone have a lot of sensory nerve endings?
1) Very sensitive to pain, tearing, or tension; acute pain from fractures
2) No, bone itself sparsely supplied with sensory endings
1) List the 3 types of joints
2) What type of joint is associated with DJD, RA, and gout?
1) Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
2) Synovial
1) Give 3 examples of fibrous joints
2) Give 2 examples of cartilaginous joints
3) What features are associated with synovial joints?
1) Fibrous: Suture, dental alveolar, syndesmosis
2) Cartilaginous: epiphysial line and IVD (intervertebral disc)
3) Joint capsule, synovial fluid, & articular cartilage
1) What describes how nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the overlying skin?
2) Why can synovial joints be painful?
3) What sense are joints responsible for?
1) Hilton Law
2) Pain fibers in fibrous layer joint capsule
3) Proprioception
What happens if a bone (esp. its epiphysis) loses blood supply for too long? Give two examples of this
1) Avascular necrosis causes bone death
2) Sequestrum and AVN of femoral head
1) Define degenerative joint disease (DJD). What does it result in?
2) Where is DJD most common?
3) Does DJD progress quickly or slowly?
1) Synovial joint degeneration; wearing of the articular cartilage that results in loss of function, pain
2) Weight bearing joints and hands
3) Progresses slowly, unless after acute trauma (quickly)
List 5 functions of the muscular system
1) Allows manipulation of environment
2) Movement
3) Facial expression
4) Maintains posture
5) Produces heat
1) List the 3 types of muscle
2) Which type is found in vessel walls and hollow organs?
1) Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
2) Smooth
1) What type of phasic muscle contraction involves no length change?
2) What type of phasic contraction shortens the muscle?
3) What are the two phases of isotonic contraction? What is the muscle doing in each?
1) Isometric contraction = no change
2) Isotonic contraction = changes length
3) Concentric (muscle shortens under load) and eccentric (muscle lengthens under load)
1) Define motor unit
2) What does HFpEF stand for?
3) What does EMG stand for?
1) A LMN and the muscle fibers it innervates
2) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
3) Electromyography
1) The heart and blood vessels make up the ________ system
2) What does this system transport? How? Where to and where from?
1) Cardiovascular
2) Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes using arteries, capillary beds, and veins
between the lungs and systemic tissue
List the 3 layers of blood vessels and what each is made of
1) Tunica intima: endothelial lining
2) Tunica media: smooth muscle
3) Tunica adventitia: outer connective tissue
1) What is the order of blood flow beginning with arteries?
2) Are veins or arteries thinner walled? Why?
3) What blood vessel tissue layer is responsible for atherosclerosis?
1) Arteries, capillaries, veins
2) Veins are thinner walled due to diminished tunica media and valves
3) Tunica intimia
List 4 functions of the lymphatic system
1) Interstitial fluid balance
2) Filter system
3) Digestive function (chyle)
4) Immune function
What are the two main ducts of the lymphatic system? What parts of the body do they serve?
1) Right lymphatic duct drains upper right quadrant of body
2) Thoracic duct drains the rest
1) What type of structure secretes hormones?
2) Where are hormones secreted into? Why?
1) Glands
2) The circulatory system; to bring about changes at distant sites
1) What are the two major types of glands?
2) What type of glands secrete “hormones” through ducts to exert local effects?
1) Endocrine and exocrine
2) Exocrine
Name 3 functions of the respiratory system
1) Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange/homeostasis
2) Acid base balance
3) Voice
1) What group of respiratory illnesses is a common killer of American adults?
2) What illnesses does this group include?
1) Chronic lung disease
2) COPD, asthma, RSV in infants, HMD, lung cancer, interstitial lung disease
CF, bronchiectasis
Name 4 functions of the digestive system
1) Breaks down food into absorbable units
2) Immune function
3) Hormonal function
4) Exocrine function
List some common digestive system illnesses
GERD
Colon cancer
Peptic ulcer disease
Gall bladder disease
Chronic hepatitis – Hepatitis C, hepatocarcinoma, alcoholic cirrhosis
Pancreatitis
IBS, IBD
List 4 functions of the urinary system
1) Water/electrolyte balance
2) Waste removal
3) Acid base balance
4) Hormonal functions
(EPO and RBCs, renin and blood pressure)
1) Name 3 chronic kidney diseases
2) List 2 other illnesses of the urinary system
1) T2DM, HTN, Autoimmune disease (Lupus)
2) UTI (cystitis/pyelonephritis) and post-strep glomerulonephritis
1) What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
2) What female organ produces germ cells? What male organ?
1) Procreation
2) Ovary; testis
Name 4 functions of the skeletal system
1) Protects and supports body organs
2) Framework for muscles
3) Mineral storage
4) Blood cell formation
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial (main portion) and appendicular (pelvic girdle, clavicle, scapula, and limbs)
1) How does cartilage receive nutrients?
2) List characteristics of cartilage
3) Where can cartilage be found on bone?
4) What happens to cartilage with age?
1) Avascular, so nutrients through diffusion
2) Resilient, semirigid, flexible (e.g. - costal cartilage of ribs)
3) Articulating surface of bones capped with articular cartilage
4) Changes; degenerative, replaced with bone, erodes
Bone is a dynamic living tissue, so list some of the processes it can go through
Hypertrophy, atrophy, osteopenia, osteoporosis, fracture healing (callus formation)
List 5 functions of bone
1) Protection for vital structures
2) Support for the body and vital cavities
3) Mechanical basis of movement
4) Storage of minerals
5) Manufacture blood in medullary cavities
