Lecture 1 Recap: Full Body Overview

Question 1

List and describe the 3 approaches to anatomy

Answer 1

1) Regional: emphasizes relationships of various systemic structures within the region along with surface anatomy
2) Systemic: study by organ systems
3) Clinical (applied): structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine; both regional and systemic for clinical application

Question 2

List the 3 layers of the skin from external to internal

Answer 2

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis or superficial fascia)

Question 3

1) What type of cells make up the epidermis?
2) How thick is the epidermis?
3) What keeps the epidermis from just falling off the body?
4) List some defining characteristics of the epidermis
5) Is there nervous system involvement in the epidermis?

Answer 3

1) Stratified squamous epithelium
2) 0.5-1.5 mm thick
3) Epidermal ridges “lock” onto papillary dermis
4) Keratinized, shedding, avascular
5) Some afferent sensory receptors: pain, temp, touch

Question 4

1) How thick is the dermis?
2) What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
3) What type of testing can be done on the dermis?
4) What feature is it responsible for? What is a pathology of this area?

Answer 4

1) Varies in thickness from 0.3 mm (eyelids) to 3.0 mm (back)
2) Connective tissue
3) ID testing; PPD, allergy skin testing
4) Tension lines; stretch marks (collagen + elastic fibers)

Question 5

1) Give two other names for subcutaneous (SQ) tissue
2) What makes up SQ tissue?
3) What runs through SQ tissue?
4) How is this layer important to medicine?

Answer 5

1) The hypodermis or superficial fascia
2) Loose connective tissue (superficial) and adipose tissue storage
3) Vessels, lymphatics, & cutaneous nerves
4) It’s the layer we infiltrate for local anesthesia for minor procedures; suturing, I&D

Question 6

1) Where can deep (investing) fascia be found?
2) What are two features of deep fascia? [What do they do?]
3) How is deep fascia medically significant? (2 ways)

Answer 6

1) Envelops most of the body; deep to skin and SQ
2)
a) Retinacula [hold tendons during joint movement]
b) Bursae [are closed sacs with fluid to prevent friction]
3) Responsible for facial planes and compartments within the extremities

Question 7

1) What two things allow us to feel touch and pressure?
2) What two things allow us to feel pain, itch, and temperature?

Answer 7

1) Meissner’s and Vater-Pacini corpuscles in dermis
2) Papillary dermis/ epidermal ridges

Question 8

1) What ANS fibers are associated with apocrine sweat glands? What else are they associated with?
2) What ANS fibers are associated with eccrine sweat glands? What is unique about them?

Answer 8

1) Adrenergic fibers; vasculature and erector pili
2) Cholinergic fibers (unique neurotransmitter for sympathetic)

Question 9

List and describe the 3 types of burns

Answer 9

1) Superficial: superficial epidermis involved. Ex: sunburn
2) Partial thickness:
Into superficial dermis, sweat glands and hair follicles may provide regenerative cells
3) Full thickness: Entire epidermis and dermis, even SQ and muscle may be involved; requires skin grafting

Question 10

1) All bone is derived from what?
2) What are the two types of bone formation?

Answer 10

1) Mesenchyme
2) Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Question 11

1) When does intramembranous ossification happen and how?
2) What type of arteries supply bone marrow, spongy bone, deeper compact bone?
3) What type of arteries supply most of the compact bone?

Answer 11

1) During fetal period; bone forms directly from mesenchyme
2) Nutrient arteries
3) Periosteal arteries (periosteum = vital like bark on a tree)

Question 12

1) List the 3 types of joints
2) What type of joint is associated with DJD, RA, and gout?

Answer 12

1) Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
2) Synovial

Question 13

1) What describes how nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the overlying skin?
2) Why can synovial joints be painful?
3) What sense are joints responsible for?

Answer 13

1) Hilton Law
2) Pain fibers in fibrous layer joint capsule
3) Proprioception

Question 14

1) Define motor unit
2) The heart and blood vessels make up the ________ system

Answer 14

1) A LMN and the muscle fibers it innervates
2) Cardiovascular

Question 15

List the 3 layers of blood vessels and what each is made of

Answer 15

1) Tunica intima: endothelial lining
2) Tunica media: smooth muscle
3) Tunica adventitia: outer connective tissue

Question 16

List 4 functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 16

1) Interstitial fluid balance
2) Filter system
3) Digestive function (chyle)
4) Immune function

Question 17

What are the two main ducts of the lymphatic system? What parts of the body do they serve?

Answer 17

1) Right lymphatic duct drains upper right quadrant of body
2) Thoracic duct drains the rest

Question 18

What type of structure secretes hormones?

Answer 18

Glands

Question 19

What illnesses does “chronic lung diseases” include?

Answer 19

COPD, asthma, RSV in infants, HMD, lung cancer, interstitial lung disease
CF, bronchiectasis

Question 20

Name 4 functions of the digestive system

Answer 20

1) Breaks down food into absorbable units
2) Immune function
3) Hormonal function
4) Exocrine function

Question 21

List 4 functions of the urinary system

Answer 21

1) Water/electrolyte balance
2) Waste removal
3) Acid base balance
4) Hormonal functions
(EPO and RBCs, renin and blood pressure)

Question 22

1) Name 3 chronic kidney diseases
2) List 2 other illnesses of the urinary system

Answer 22

1) T2DM, HTN, Autoimmune disease (Lupus)
2) UTI (cystitis/pyelonephritis) and post-strep glomerulonephritis

Question 23

Name 4 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 23

1) Protects and supports body organs
2) Framework for muscles
3) Mineral storage
4) Blood cell formation

Question 24

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 24

Axial (main portion) and appendicular (pelvic girdle, clavicle, scapula, and limbs)

Question 25

List 5 functions of bone

Answer 25

1) Protection for vital structures
2) Support for the body and vital cavities
3) Mechanical basis of movement
4) Storage of minerals
5) Manufacture blood in medullary cavities