Reasoning And Sylllogism Flashcards
The third act of the mind. Mental operation with a conclusion based on three terms in the categorical syllogisms.
Reasoning
Consists of two more propositions offered as evidence for another proposition
Argument
Propositions offered as evidence in the argument
Premises
Proposition for which the evidence is offered
Conclusion
To infer — to conclude or to understand something from a known fact
Inferential thinking
The outward expression of the mental inference. It is a discourse establishing the agreement or disagreement between two terms on the basis of their relation to a common or third term. It is also a verbal expression containing three terms arranged in three propositions.
Syllogism
What do you call the first two propositions in a syllogism?
Antecedents or premises
What do you call the third proposition in a syllogism?
Conclusion
What are the four types of reasoning?
Deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning, Categorical reasoning, Hypothetical reasoning
Inferential thinking which proceeds from UNIVERSAL principles and concludes a PARTICULAR truth
Deductive reasoning or deduction
Inferential thinking which proceeds from the enumeration of individual facts and concludes a universal truth or principle.
Induction or Inductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning which concludes in a universal manner, without any condition.
Categorical reasoning
Deductive reasoning which concludes under certain conditions
Hypothetical
What are the material elements of a categorical proposition?
Terms and Proposition
The basic unit of a proposition
Term
Two kinds of terms and define each
Major - predicate of the conclusion; minor - the subject of the conclusion; middle - terms that appear in both premises; serves as a medium of comparison between the major and minor terms
What are the three types of proposition?
Major premise - proposition containing the major term; minor premise - proposition containing the minor term; conclusion - proposition containing the major and minor terms
Rules of categorical syllogism: What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term. (E.g., if rational is affirmed universally of man, it can be affirmed to all individuals falling under that term such as Bert, Mike, Mila, May)
Dictum de Omni
Rules of categorical syllogism: What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term. (E.g., if we cannot say that birds have four legs, we cannot say likewise that sparrows, eagles, robins have four legs).
Dictum de Nullo
Two terms identical with the third term are identical with each other
Principle of reciprocal identity
Two terms one of which is identical with a third term and other of which is non-identical with that same third term, are not identical with each other
Principle of reciprocal non-identity
