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Psychology 258 > Reasoning > Flashcards

Reasoning Flashcards

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1
Q

reasoning

A

the process of drawing conclusions

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2
Q

does reasoning involved making a choice

A

not necessarily

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3
Q

2 types of reasoning

A
  1. deductive

2. inductive

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4
Q

2 methods of studying reasoning

A
  1. Wason card sorting task

2. judging truth and judging validity

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5
Q

deductive reasoning

A

drawing conclusions from a general rule to a specific case

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6
Q

is deductive reasoning top-down or bottom-up

A

top-down

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7
Q

what can deductive reasoning also be referred to as?

A

reductive - because you are reducing

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8
Q

categorical syllogism

A

2 premises and 1 conclusion

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9
Q

4 structures of categorical syllogism

A
  1. universal affirmative
  2. universal negative
  3. particular affirmative
  4. particular negative
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10
Q

conditional syllogism

A

contains an antecedent and a consequent

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11
Q

antecedent

A

proposition after the “if”

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12
Q

consequent

A

proposition after the “then”

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13
Q

4 possible results of conditional syllogism

A
  1. affirming the antecedent (valid)
  2. denying the consequent (valid)
  3. affirming the consequent (invalid)
  4. denying the antecedent (invalid)
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14
Q

belief bias

A

tendency to think syllogism is valid if it is believable

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15
Q

mental model

A

mental representation of a situation used in reasoning

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16
Q

who first developed the mental model

A

Philip Johnson-Laird

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17
Q

how do we reason with mental models?

A

if something is consistent with a mental model, we believe it to be true

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18
Q

how does complexity effect mental models

A

the more complex a model is, the more difficult it is to reason

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19
Q

3 properties of mental models

A
  1. iconic
  2. emergent consequences
  3. parsimonious
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20
Q

how are mental models iconic

A

relationship between parts in model, correspond to relationship between what is represented

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21
Q

how do mental models have emergent consequences

A

you can get more out of a mental model than what you put into it

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22
Q

how are mental models parsimonious

A

people try to make the simplest mental models possible

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23
Q

inductive reasoning

A

drawing conclusions from specific examples

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24
Q

what type of reasoning does science use?

A

inductive

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25
Q

3 things that make a better argument

A
  1. how representative are the observations
  2. number of observations
  3. quality of evidence
26
Q

what is a pro and con of logic

A

pro: good for practical problems
con: bad for abstract problems

27
Q

who connected reasoning to evolution

A

Cosmides and Tooby

28
Q

how is reasoning connected to evolution

A

we reason a certain way because it served an advantage to our ancestors

29
Q

social exchange theory

A

social behavior is the result of exchanges

30
Q

how is social exchange theory related to reasoning

A

we have to detect when people are cheating us, this gives us inductive reasoning

31
Q

pragmatic reasoning schemas

A

innate mental programs that help us achieve our goals

32
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts to solve problems

33
Q

availability heuristics

A

events that are more easily remembered, are judged more probable

34
Q

illusory correlations

A

it looks like there is correlation when none exists

35
Q

representative heuristic

A

if something looks like something, it must be that thing

36
Q

myside bias

A

we pay attention to anything that supports our own beliefs

37
Q

confirmation bias

A

we look for information that confirms our ideas

38
Q

base rate

A

how probable something is to begin with, without biases

39
Q

law of small numbers

A

mistaken belief that a small sample is representative of the population

40
Q

law of large numbers

A

larger the sample the closer it gets to represent the real population

41
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

assuming that specific conditions are more probable than single conditions

42
Q

regression towards the mean

A

if a variable is extreme in one measurement, the next measurement will be less extreme

43
Q

decision making

A

process of choosing what to do

44
Q

example of effects of recent past on decision making

A

people who have been winning tend to be more cautious

45
Q

expected utility theory

A

people make rational decisions when they have all the information

46
Q

utility

A

outcomes that meet goals

47
Q

expected emotions

A

how you think you’ll feel in the future

48
Q

integral emotions

A

emotions associated with making the decision

49
Q

incidental emotions

A

emotions that have nothing to do with the decision

50
Q

3 types of emotions

A
  1. expected emotions
  2. integral emotions
  3. incidental emotions
51
Q

opt-in vs opt-out procedures

A

people are less likely opt-in or opt-out regardless of the question

52
Q

status-quo bias

A

preference for the current state of affairs

53
Q

framing effect on risk-taking

A

when we word something in terms of gains, we’re less likely to take risks

54
Q

effect of justifying decisions

A

if we can justify a decision to ourselves, it makes the decision easier to make

55
Q

example of mental categories and decision making

A

whether you classify an item as luxury or a gift, determines how likely you are to buy it

56
Q

omission bias

A

tendency to do nothing when faced with many options

57
Q

neuroeconomics

A

combination of economics, neuroscience, and psychology

58
Q

the ultimatum game

A

proposer, responder, $100, etc.

59
Q

how is the ultimatum game different when a computer is the proposer

A

people always accept the offer

60
Q

right anterior insula during the ultimatum

A

3X more active when rejecting a bad offer

61
Q

prefrontal cortex during ultimatum game

A

active regardless of whether it is accepted or rejeceted

62
Q

5 problems associated with prefrontal cortex damage

A
  1. planning future actions
  2. flexibility/perseveration
  3. solving problems
  4. understanding stories and making inferences
  5. reasoning

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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