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Psychology 258 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the order of perception

A
  1. transduction
  2. sensation
  3. perception
  4. cognition
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2
Q

transduction

A

process of converting physical energy into neural impulses

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3
Q

sensation

A

bare awareness resulting from activation of a sense cell

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4
Q

perception

A

organize and identify stimuli

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5
Q

cognition

A

process of being aware and thinking about anything

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6
Q

what are the 2 functions of perception

A
  1. tell us what stuff does

2. tell us where stuff is

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7
Q

is perception constant

A

no, it is constantly changing

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8
Q

is perception immediate

A

no it is the end result of a process

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9
Q

is perception passive

A

no it is active and it allows us to interact with the world

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10
Q

luminance

A

amount of light that enters the eye

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11
Q

what 3 things enter the eye

A
  1. light source
  2. reflectance
  3. shadow
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12
Q

view point invariance

A

we perceive objects even though we look at them from different angles

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13
Q

size and distance illusion problem

A

a small image could be a small object or a big object far away

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14
Q

4 methods of dealing with difficult visual illusions

A
  1. taking advantage of regularities
  2. frames of reference
  3. shadows and shadings
  4. convergence and retinal display
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15
Q

types of regularities

A

physical and semantic

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16
Q

physical regularities

A

we know what objects are likely to be

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17
Q

semantic regularities

A

we use our knowledge of the world

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18
Q

convergence

A

brain keeps track of what muscle in the eye are doing

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19
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference between 2 eyes

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20
Q

visual space

A

everything that falls on the retina

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21
Q

path from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> LGN and superior colliculus

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22
Q

optic chiasm

A

point at which left visual field decussates to the right side of the brain

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23
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

relay station also containing the reticular activating system

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24
Q

reticular activating system

A

controls sleep-wake cycles

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25
Q

superior colliculs

A

receives about 10% of information from eyes and controls eye movements

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26
Q

2 visual pathways

A

dorsal and ventral streams

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27
Q

who came up with the what/where hypothesis

A

Ungerleider and Mishkin

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28
Q

what pathway

A

ventral stream specializing in “what” something is

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29
Q

where pathway

A

dorsal stream specializing in “where” something is

30
Q

issue with this theory

A

spatial information is needed to recognize an object. therefore knocking out the where pathway should make objects unrecognizable

31
Q

who came up with the what/how hypothesis

A

Goodale and Milner

32
Q

what stream in what/how pathway

A

associated with consciousness and awareness

33
Q

how stream in what/how pathway

A

gives information on how to interact with objects

34
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects

35
Q

optic ataxia

A

problem with guiding your hand to grab something

36
Q

what other evidence supports what/how pathway

A

fMRI imaging and steepness of hills

37
Q

synaesthesia

A

condition in which activation of one sense automatically activates another

38
Q

where does synaesthesia come from

A

synaptic pruning does not occur properly in young brains

39
Q

what allows synaptic pruning to occur

A

apoptosis

40
Q

blindsight

A

ability to visually identify objects even though the visual center has been damaged

41
Q

what causes blindsight

A

a damaged “what” pathway with a functioning “how” pathway

42
Q

bottom-up processing

A

putting together basic features to form perceptions

43
Q

template matching theory

A

templates are copies of shapes in the memory and matching a template = recognizing an object

44
Q

problem with template matching theory

A

variation in objects that we can still recognize (eg: fonts)

45
Q

multiple trace memory model

A

every time you encounter something you compare it to every instance of seeing something similar

46
Q

2 steps of multiple trace memory model

A
  1. probe

2. echo

47
Q

probe

A

see something and compare it to similar things

48
Q

echo

A

compare it to the average of every similar thing

49
Q

who created the pandemonium model and when

A

Selfridge (1959)

50
Q

pandemonium model

A

processes multiple types of information simultaneously to detect features

51
Q

3 kinds of demons in this model

A
  1. feature demons
  2. cognitive demons
  3. decision demons
52
Q

feature demons

A

detects basic features of objects

53
Q

cognitive demons

A

recognize letters

54
Q

decision demons

A

make a final decision

55
Q

what phenomenon does this model explain

A

tip of the tongue

56
Q

who created the recognition by components model?

A

Biederman

57
Q

recognition by components model

A

everything is composed of geometric components called geons

58
Q

geons

A

geometric icons

59
Q

evidence for recognition by components model

A
  1. we can identify objects without texture, shading or color
  2. more complex objects recognized faster (more geons)
  3. intersections in geons are most important information
60
Q

problems with recognition by components model

A
  1. objects change as they move
  2. we can determine info about people by looking at details in their face
  3. upside down faces are harder to recognize than upside down objects
61
Q

who created the ecological theory

A

Gibson

62
Q

ecological theory

A

environment shapes perception

63
Q

affordance

A

shape of something determines how we should interact with it

64
Q

scatter reflection

A

different textures reflect light in different ways

65
Q

transformation

A

change in information entering our eyes as we move

66
Q

optic flow

A

change in an object’s position as it moves past us

67
Q

top-down processing

A

prior expectations influence perception

68
Q

gestalt psychology

A

belief that the mind has to be studied as a whole

69
Q

6 laws of gestalt

A
  1. good contour
  2. pragnanz
  3. similarity
  4. proximity
  5. closed forms (closure)
  6. common movement (fate)
70
Q

pragnanz

A

similar shapes are grouped together

71
Q

problems with gestalt

A

too simplistic and not always true

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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