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Psychology 258 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

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1
Q

top 5 most widely spoken languages

A
  1. Mandarin
  2. Spanish
  3. English
  4. Hindi-Urdu
  5. Arabic
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2
Q

do we know how many languages there are?

A

not really, because the line between languages and dialects is blurred

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3
Q

evidence that DNA encodes a strong ability to learn language

A

kids deaf from birth will invent their own language

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4
Q

language definition

A

arbitrary, but conventional symbols combined in a rule-like way to convey meaning

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5
Q

what are rules required for in language

A

for putting symbols together

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6
Q

who came up with properties of language

A

Hockett (1960, 1966)

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7
Q

4 properties of language

A
  1. semantic
  2. arbitrary
  3. displaced
  4. productive
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8
Q

how is language semantic

A

there must be intention to convey something of meaning

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9
Q

why is language displaced

A

gives us the ability to talk about things that aren’t present

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10
Q

how is language productive

A

we can come up with new words and sentences

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11
Q

2 things that allow language to be productive

A
  1. it is hierarchical

2. is has rules

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12
Q

3 disciplines of language

A
  1. linguistics
  2. psycholinguistics
  3. neurolinguistics
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13
Q

linguistics

A

study of emergence of language

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14
Q

psycholinguistics

A

study of language and psychology

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15
Q

neurolinguistics

A

study of language and the nervous system

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16
Q

3 ways language is represented in the mind

A
  1. surface structure
  2. propositional level / meaning / gist
  3. situation model
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17
Q

surface structure

A

exact words you are reading

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18
Q

how long does the surface structure representation remains

A

it decays very quickly

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19
Q

propositional level

A

general idea of what was said

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20
Q

example of propositional level representation

A

EAT (FROG, BUG) represents “the frog eats the bug”

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21
Q

situational model

A

a mental representation of the situation described by what you just heard

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22
Q

is the situational model based simply on what is heard

A

no, it can be a lot more than what is heard

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23
Q

6 levels of language

A
  1. phonology
  2. morphology
  3. semantics
  4. syntax
  5. discourse
  6. pragmatics
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24
Q

phonology

A

study of sound systems in a language

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25
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of speech that makes a difference to a native speaker

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26
Q

what happens if you change a phoneme

A

you change the meaning

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27
Q

difference between phonemes and sounds

A

sounds don’t necessarily change meaning

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28
Q

how many phonemes in all human languages

A

about 200

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29
Q

how many phonemes in English

A

about 46, depending on the dialect

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30
Q

how many phonemes in Hawaiian

A

15

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31
Q

morphology

A

study of word formation and word structure

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32
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of language with meaning or function

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33
Q

how is a morpheme different from a word

A

a morpheme may or may not be able to stand on its own

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34
Q

example of a morpheme with grammatical function but not meaning

A

pre-

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35
Q

semantics

A

the study of meaning

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36
Q

truth value

A

if a sentence matches to something that exists, it is true and has meaning

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37
Q

how is semantics related to associations

A

words bring up a set of associations which bring meaning to the word

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38
Q

mental lexicon

A

everything you know inside your head (the dictionary inside your head)

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39
Q

how are bilingual lexicons different

A

perhaps bilingual people have more than one lexicon

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40
Q

syntax

A

system of rules and categories that underlie sentence formation

41
Q

difference between syntax and grammar

A 
grammar = rules you are taught
syntax = what you actually do
42
Q

2 structures in syntax

A
  1. surface structure

2. deep structure

43
Q

surface structure

A

order of words in a sentence

44
Q

deep structure

A

underlying form of a sentence

45
Q

discourse

A

putting sentences together to form something that is meaningful

46
Q

4 most common discourses

A
  1. narration
  2. exposition
  3. persuasion
  4. conversation
47
Q

pragmatics

A

ways in which context contributes to meaning

48
Q

what does pragmatics include

A

what is unsaid or unintended

49
Q

challenge with perceiving phonemes

A

sounds aren’t the same as phonemes, and different people pronounce phonemes differently

50
Q

phonemic restoration effect

A

if we cut out a phoneme and replace it with white noise, people recall hearing both the white noise AND the phoneme

51
Q

segmentation problem

A

we can understand individual words even though spoken sounds aren’t segmented into words

52
Q

2 other problems of word comprehension

A
  1. we don’t annunciate clearly

2. one word can have multiple meanings

53
Q

how does frequency effect word comprehension (3 things)

A
  1. we read frequent words faster than less frequent words
  2. fixation times are faster
  3. lexical decisions are faster
54
Q

lexical decision

A

is this a real word I’m looking at

55
Q

how does syntax help determine word meaning

A

helps determine if a word is a noun or a verb

56
Q

meaning dominance

A

for ambiguous words, one meaning is often favored

57
Q

word superiority effect

A

people are faster at recognizing letters in a word, than letters in a non-word string, or letters alone

58
Q

what does the word superiority effect demonstrate

A

top-down processing occurring during reading

59
Q

challenge with comprehending sentences

A

must say one word at a time, but syntax is hierarchical

60
Q

garden path sentences

A

give people sentences that take a turn and change meaning at the end

61
Q

syntax-first approach

A

when reading a sentence you form a syntactic tree, and if you make a mistake you change it after

62
Q

what type of approach is the syntax-first approach

A

late closure

63
Q

interactionist approach

A

meaning is key in understanding a sentence

64
Q

visual world paradigm

A

looking at a picture and listening to a sentence

- where you look shows how you interpret the sentence

65
Q

example supporting the interactionist approach

A

difference between “the spy saw the man with binoculars” and “the bird saw the man with binoculars”

66
Q

3 problems with comprehending discourse

A
  1. we say very little when we talk to each other
  2. we speak very fast
  3. we often don’t say what we mean
67
Q

given-new contract

A

when making a sentence, start with a given and add on the new

68
Q

given

A

information that is already known, or from earlier in the conversation

69
Q

what does given information depend on

A

social and cultural contracts

70
Q

new

A

information you will add in your utterance

71
Q

co-operative principle

A

we agree on certain guidelines in how to speak

72
Q

4 conversational maximums

A
  1. maximum quantity
  2. maximum quality
  3. maximum relation
  4. maximum manner
73
Q

maximum quantity

A

don’t say anything more than you need to

74
Q

maximum quality

A

don’t say anything you aren’t sure of

75
Q

maximum relation

A

don’t say anything that is irrelevant

76
Q

maximum manner

A

be brief, be orderly, be clear

77
Q

what occurs if a maximum is violated

A

we can infer that you mean something else

78
Q

situation models

A

construct a mental representation of the situation

79
Q

embodied cognition

A

part of mental representation in reading is perceptual representations (imagining)

80
Q

perceptual simulations

A

when we read something we get an abstract perceptual representation

81
Q

example of a perceptual simulation

A

“he hammered a nail into the wall”

- people will identify a horizontal nail faster than a vertical one

82
Q

motoric simulation

A

if you read about an action, parts of the brain related to this will become active

83
Q

conversation

A

series of sentences exchanged that fulfills a goal within a social context

84
Q

physical aspect of conversation

A

body language

85
Q

3 techniques used in conversation

A
  1. given-new contract
  2. try to achieve common ground
  3. syntactic coordination
86
Q

syntactic coordination

A

tendency to recycle syntax when having a conversation

87
Q

achieving common ground

A

confirmation that we are on the same page by using certain words like “right?”

88
Q

syntactic priming

A

give someone a sentence to listen to, ask them to describe an unrelated picture
- they will use the same syntax

89
Q

3 stages of speech production

A
  1. conceptualization
  2. formulation
  3. articulation
90
Q

conceptualization

A

formulating the intention of what you want to say

91
Q

formulation

A

deciding what words to use and what syntactic structures to build

92
Q

articulation

A

creating a phonetic plan of what sounds you want to produce

93
Q

hypothesis of how language and cognition are related

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

94
Q

evidence for Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (2)

A
  1. different languages effect color perception

2. different languages effect family relations

95
Q

how do languages effect naming colors

A

specific progression of colors based on language words to describe colors

96
Q

color progression based on language words

A 
3 = black, white, red
4 = + green
5 = + blue
97
Q

how would someone perceive orange if they lacked a color word to describe it?

A

as red

98
Q

how do different languages effect family relations

A
  • in English we distinguish male and female for siblings
  • in Japanese they distinguish order that brothers are born
  • shows what is important in each culture

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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