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Psychology 258 > Knowledge and Imagery > Flashcards

Knowledge and Imagery Flashcards

1
Q

knowledge

A

information or skills acquired through experience

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2
Q

concepts

A

mental representations of groups of things

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3
Q

categories

A

groups of things themselves, as they exist in the real world

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4
Q

type

A

specific mental representation

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5
Q

token

A

specific real life thing

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6
Q

concrete concepts

A

actual things

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7
Q

abstract concepts

A

your interpretation of these things

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8
Q

what occurs when we recognize an object?

A

we classify it

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9
Q

how is communication related to concepts?

A

communication is discussion of concepts we have

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10
Q

2 types of concepts

A
  1. formal

2. natural

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11
Q

formal concept

A

true by definition

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12
Q

example of a formal concept

A

a triangle has 3 sides

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13
Q

natural concept

A

defined by perceptions and interactions in the world

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14
Q

3 levels to concepts

A
  1. superordinate
  2. basic
  3. subordinate
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15
Q

superordinate level

A

super general

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16
Q

basic level

A

good balance between superordinate and subordinate

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17
Q

subordinate level

A

very specific

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18
Q

what is the basic level dependent on

A

your expertise in that category

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19
Q

age of acquisition

A

we learn names for basic level before superordinate and subordinate

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20
Q

classical theory

A

concepts have a definitional structure in the form of a list of attributes

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21
Q

according to classical theory, what determined an object?

A

if it matched the definition concept

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22
Q

necessary conditions

A

every member of a classification meets these

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23
Q

sufficient conditions

A

you don’t necessarily need this trait

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24
Q

classical theory category membership

A

you are either 100% in or 100% out

- everything is equally in

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25
Q

are classical theory properties transitive?

A

yes

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26
Q

transitive

A

properties carry over

- every that is X is also Y

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27
Q

5 problems with classical theory

A
  1. fuzziness
  2. intransitivity
  3. typicality effects
  4. ad-hoc categories
  5. culture
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28
Q

typicality effects

A

not all concepts in a category are equal

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29
Q

who created prototype theory?

A

Rosch

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30
Q

prototype

A

hypothetically typical or idealized item

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31
Q

how does prototype theory categorization occur

A

when you compare what you are looking at to the prototype

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32
Q

does prototypicality vary?

A

yes, it can vary from high to low

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33
Q

who coined family resemblance

A

Wittgenstein

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34
Q

family resemblance in prototype theory

A

one thing can look a bit like another, without necessarily sharing every common feature

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35
Q

4 problems with prototype theory

A
  1. defining prototypes
  2. prior knowledge effects
  3. ad-hoc categories
  4. context
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36
Q

prior knowledge effects

A

prior knowledge influences which features you pay attention to

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37
Q

exemplar theory

A

compare what you are looking at to an exemplar

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38
Q

exemplar

A

an individual item or token

39
Q

what happens when you store each token?

A

you preserve variability of items

40
Q

how does exemplar theory explain ad-hoc categories?

A

with all tokens in the mind we can make new groups

41
Q

2 problems with exemplar theory

A
  1. storage of every exemplar ever encountered

2. definition of exemplar

42
Q

why is definition of exemplar a problem?

A

is an exemplar every object or every encounter with that object

43
Q

2 categories of models

A
  1. semantic networks

2. connectionist models

44
Q

who proposed the semantic network model?

A

Collins and Quillian

45
Q

how are nodes connected?

A

in meaningful ways

46
Q

exceptions in the semantic network model

A

include the exception with notation in the model itself

47
Q

spreading activation

A

method of searching the semantic network

48
Q

what type of model is the semantic network model

A

hierarchical

49
Q

3 problems with the semantic network model

A
  1. typicality effect
  2. cognitive economy
  3. sentence verification times
50
Q

connectionism

A

an approach to modeling knowledge as an emergent process of interconnected units

51
Q

PDP

A

concepts represented as activity distributed across a network

52
Q

is connectionism a neural model

A

no

53
Q

3 levels to connectionism

A
  1. input units
  2. output units
  3. hidden units
54
Q

input units

A

receive info from senses

55
Q

output units

A

give a response

56
Q

hidden units

A

change information flow and allow models to emerge

57
Q

what does the activation of one unit depend on? (2 things)

A
  1. signal that originates from the input

2. connections throughout the network

58
Q

how are concepts represented

A

distributed pattern of activity across all units in the network

59
Q

training networks

A

several iterations and simulations for the system to learn

60
Q

what feature is critical for training networks

A

feedback

61
Q

feedback

A

error signal going back into model saying a mistake is made

62
Q

back propagation

A

when a mistake is made, the signal propagates backwards altering these connections

63
Q

learning in connectionism

A

altering strength of connections

64
Q

3 advantages of connectionism

A
  1. intuitive
  2. mimics brain damage
  3. generalization of learning
65
Q

how is connectionism intuitive

A

looks like what we think is happening in the brain

66
Q

how does connectionism mimic brain damage

A

if certain units are destroyed the model still outputs responses

67
Q

how does connectionism show generalization of learning

A

we can generalize what we learn to other new circumstances

68
Q

mental imagery

A

internal representation of perceptual experience without sensory input

69
Q

main type of mental imagery

A

visual imagery

70
Q

6 functions of imagery

A
  1. solve
  2. predict
  3. mental models
  4. memories
  5. navigate
  6. learn
71
Q

4 properties of mental imagery

A
  1. scan images
  2. zoom in
  3. rotate images
  4. compose things
72
Q

analogue

A

parts have many important qualities as picture but aren’t pictures

73
Q

proposition

A

most basic unit of meaning that has a truth value

74
Q

who said that imagery is analogue?

A
  • Paivio
  • Shepard & Metzler
  • Kosslyn
75
Q

who said imagery is propositional

A
  • Pylysyn
76
Q

who created the dual coding hypothesis

A

Paivio

77
Q

Paivio experiment

A

paired associate task with abstract and concrete words

78
Q

Paivio results

A

best at CC, then CA, then AA

- because people can create a visual representation of concrete items

79
Q

dual coding hypothesis

A

concrete words are coded with verbal information and a mental image

80
Q

Shepard and Metzler

A

rotation experiment thing

81
Q

Kosslyn experiment

A
  • mentally scan objects and imagine them after
  • focus on one part and then answer questions of increasing distances from that part
  • it takes longer to answer questions further away
82
Q

Pylyshyn

A

representation is an epiphenomenon

83
Q

how is representation an epiphenomenon

A

just an after effect of what the brain is doing

84
Q

Pylyshyn argument about demand characteristics

A

people have tacit knowledge to give answers that they think are right

85
Q

Kosslyn mental walk

A

walk up to an animal

  • people were accurate when determining how close they were when the animal occupied the field of view
  • proves analogue
86
Q

Finke and Pinker experiment

A

dots appear on one screen

  • arrow appears on another screen
  • larger distance between dot and arrow = longer time to respond
  • disproves tacit knowledge being an effect
87
Q

Farah experiment

A

imagine a T and H on each screen

  • T and H flash up on each screen
  • if these coincide you are correct, if not you’re incorrect
88
Q

what did Farah’s experiment show

A

shows that perception and visual imagery can interact

89
Q

what do medial temporal lobe neurons respond to

A

balls but not faces

90
Q

are MT neurons imagery neurons?

A

yes, because they respond when imagining balls too

91
Q

why are less areas of the visual cortex active when imagining?

A

because imagining is less vivid than actually seeing

92
Q

what other effect does imagining have on the brain?

A

some areas deactivated to tune out interference (auditory)

93
Q

TMS experiment

A

inactivating visual areas also slows down imagery

- this shows imagery is not an epiphenomen

94
Q

MGS mental walk

A

half of occipital lobe removed greatly impacted ability to do mental walk task

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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