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Psychology 258 > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

attention

A

mechanisms for continued cognitive processing

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2
Q

4 metaphors for attention

A
  1. spotlight
  2. zoom lens
  3. bottleneck
  4. filter
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3
Q

2 types of processes in the brain

A
  1. automatic

2. controlled

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4
Q

automatic processes

A

anything that happens without attention

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5
Q

parts of brain involved in controlled processes

A
  1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

2. anterior cingulate cortex

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6
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

associated with top-down processing and avoiding distractions

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7
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

involved in cognitive processes like decision making and impulse control

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8
Q

5 qualities of attention

A
  1. limited
  2. selective
  3. orienting
  4. searching
  5. sustained
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9
Q

evidence that attention is limited (4)

A
  1. Nilli Lavie load theory
  2. attentional blink
  3. divided attention
  4. task switching (distracted driving)
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10
Q

Nilli Lavie theory

A

load theory

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11
Q

processing capacity

A

amount of stuff you can handle at one time

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12
Q

load

A

amount of resources needed to do something

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13
Q

load theory

A

the heavier the load, the less capacity remaining to do another task

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14
Q

Miller’s theory

A

7 plus or minus 2 bits of information in the working memory

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15
Q

load theory teaching implications

A

if students have a difficult task, don’t add anything on top of this

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16
Q

attentional blink

A

failure to notice the second of 2 stimuli when presented rapidly

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17
Q

RSVP

A

rapid serial visual presentation

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18
Q

dual task paradigm

A

procedure in which a participant performs 2 tasks at the same time

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19
Q

key factor to distinguish in the dual-task paradigm

A

if the task is discrete or continuous

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20
Q

discrete task

A

has a start, beginning, and end

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21
Q

continuous task

A

continuously doing something

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22
Q

who researched divided attention? and when?

A

Schneider and Shiffrin (1971)

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23
Q

Schneider and Shiffrin experiment (1977)

A

remember target (letters or numbers) and search through distractors. After 900 trials accuracy improved from 55% to 90% as the task became automatic

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24
Q

how is a task switching experiment performed

A
  1. repeating trials
  2. alternating trials
    - measure the switch cost between trials
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25
Q

who studied distracted driving and when

A

Strayer and Johnston (2001 and 2003)

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26
Q

Strayer and Johnston 2001

A

keep cursor aligned with a target and press stop button when cursor turns red
- subjects were less effective when talking on the phone, but not when listening to the radio

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27
Q

Strayer and Johnstonn 2003

A

same experiment but with a driving simulator

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28
Q

why does the radio not effect these results

A

it only marginally uses attention

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29
Q

how much does cell phone use increase accident likelihood

A

by 4X

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30
Q

evidence that attention is selective (1 things)

A
  1. cocktail party effect
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31
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus auditory attention on one stimulus while simultaneously ignoring many others

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32
Q

who studied selective listening? when?

A

Cherry (1953)

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33
Q

Cherry’s methodology

A

dichotic listening test

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34
Q

dichotic listening test

A

different signals go into each ear and subjects are told to ignore one while focusing on the other
- repeat what goes into the “listening ear”

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35
Q

who had selective attention models?

A
  1. Broadbent
  2. Treisman
  3. MacKay
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36
Q

Broadbent’s model

A

sensory memory -> filter -> detector -> memory

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37
Q

Treisman’s model

A

attenuator -> dictionary unit -> memory

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38
Q

what does the attenuator analyze information based on

A
  1. physical characteristics
  2. meaning
  3. grouping of words/sounds
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39
Q

function of the dictionary unit

A

stores words

40
Q

MacKay’s experiment

A

dichotic listening

  • play ambiguous words in one ear
  • in unattended ear play words affecting cognition
  • both ears affect subject decision
41
Q

MacKay example

A

play “bank” in attended ear

  • play “money” in unattented ear
  • complete sentence “they through rocks at the…”
  • patients will choose to complete the sentence with money bank rather than river bank
42
Q

late selection model

A

selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until meaning is determined

43
Q

MacKay’s model name

A

late selection model

44
Q

Broadbent’s and Treisman’s models

A

early selection models

45
Q

2 types of attention orienting

A
  1. overt

2. covert

46
Q

overt orienting

A

shift in attention is accompanied by a shift in the body

47
Q

covert orienting

A

shift in attention without shifting the body

48
Q

how do we study overt orienting

A

eye tracking

49
Q

2 types of eye movements

A
  1. saccades

2. fixations

50
Q

saccades

A

jerky eye movement between fixations

51
Q

fixations

A

when the eyes are stationary

52
Q

who developed the priming (precueing) experiment

A

Posner

53
Q

priming/precueing

A

fixation point followed by a cue, followed by a target

54
Q

time between the cue and the target

A

Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)

55
Q

types of trials in Posner’s experiment

A
  1. valid -> cue and target in same place
  2. invalid -> cue and target in different places
  3. neutral -> no cue
56
Q

what 2 things determine eye movements

A
  1. exogenous cues

2. endogenous cues

57
Q

exogenous cues

A

attention is pulled by external stimuli

58
Q

what are exogenous cues dependent on

A

the salience (noticability) of the stimulus

59
Q

endogenous cues

A

shifts in attention based on meaning of a stimulus (eg: an arrow)

60
Q

scene schemas

A

knowledge of a scene influences eye movement

61
Q

who researched how attention searches

A

Treisman

62
Q

Treisman’s theory

A

feature integration theory

63
Q

2 stages of detection according to Treisman

A
  1. preattentive stage

2. focused attention stage

64
Q

preattentive stage

A

detect feautres

65
Q

what if a feature is detected during the preattentive stage

A

the pop out effect occurs and it is automatic

66
Q

disjunctive search

A

looking for one feature

67
Q

focused attention stage

A

features are put together which requires attention, more distractors = more time

68
Q

conjunctive search

A

putting features together

69
Q

how long do we focus on each word when reading

A

200-300 ms

70
Q

regressions (reading)

A

eye tracking studies show we often skip words and go back to read what we’ve skipped

71
Q

how are regressions related to dyslexics

A

they do them more often

72
Q

moving window technique

A

present words on a computer screen one at a time

73
Q

entry points

A

first thing you look at when looking at something

74
Q

book entry point

A

the top left corner

75
Q

nystagmus

A

disorder of eye movements involving involuntary saccades

76
Q

reticular activating system

A

associated with general arousal and consciousness

77
Q

specific roles of the RAS

A

muscle tension, heart rate, sensory thresholds

78
Q

where is the RAS located

A

in the brainstem

79
Q

autonomic nervous system functions (4)

A
  1. breathing
  2. pupil dilation
  3. respiration
  4. perspiration
80
Q

explicit vs implicit processing

A
  • explicit = occurs with awareness

- implicit = occurs without awareness

81
Q

who studied implicit processing? when?

A

Bonebakker (1996)

82
Q

what did Bonebakker use in his experiment?

A

word stem completion task

83
Q

word stem completion task

A

given first part of word and asked to complete the word

84
Q

Bonebakker’s experiment

A

if people are primed before the word stem completion task they can be swayed

85
Q

when did Bonebakker prime these people?

A

when they were unconscious during surgery

86
Q

2 types of errors the attention makes

A
  1. commission errors

2. omission errors

87
Q

commission errors

A

when you respond to something you aren’t supposed to respond to

88
Q

omission errors

A

when you don’t respond to something you’re supposed to respond to

89
Q

which type of errors are caused by mind wandering?

A

omission errors

90
Q

who linked omission errors to mind wandering

A

Simon and Chabris

91
Q

Simon and Chabris experiment

A

gorilla walks onto screen but people aren’t paying attention and 50% of people don’t see it

92
Q

what can the illusion of attention cause

A

blindness

93
Q

2 types of attentional blindness

A
  1. inattention blindness

2. change blindness

94
Q

inattention blindness

A

not being able to see things in plain view

95
Q

change blindness

A

not being able to perceive a change in a visual scene you’re looking at

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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