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Psychology 258 > Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of nervous system to understand cognition

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2
Q

difference between psychology and neuroscience studies

A

different tools and methodologies

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3
Q

3 possible connections between mind and brain

A
  1. mind and brain are separate
  2. mind is a by-product of the brain (epiphenomenon)
  3. mind and brain are 2 aspects of the same thing
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4
Q

dualism

A

mind and brain are separate

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5
Q

parallelism

A

mind and brain are 2 aspects of same thing

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6
Q

localization of function

A

specific functions take place in specific brain areas

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7
Q

lateralization

A

specific functions are located in one hemisphere of the brain

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8
Q

contralateral control

A

brain controls opposite side of body (ie. motor control)

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9
Q

hemispheric specialization

A

hemispheres do specific things

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10
Q

is language restricted to one hemisphere?

A

no, both hemispheres have language capabilities

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11
Q

Mcgilchrist

A

looked at anatomical differences between left and right hemispheres

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12
Q

difference in attention between 2 hemispheres

A 
right = sustain broad alertness
left = sharply focused attention
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13
Q

anatomical difference between 2 hemispheres

A

broader at back on left

broader at front on right

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14
Q

what does the combination of both hemispheres allow for?

A

empathy

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15
Q

plasticity

A

ability of brain to change as result of experience

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16
Q

neuronal plasticity

A

neurons are plastic (eg: synapse regeneration)

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17
Q

brain plasticity

A

new pathways and connections in the brain

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18
Q

structural plasticity

A

ability of brain to create new pathways

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19
Q

functional plasticity

A

ability of brain to move functions from one part of the brain to another

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20
Q

most important age for plasticity

A

childhood and adolescence

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21
Q

is plasticity just neurons

A

no, glial and vascular cells as well

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22
Q

amount of neurons in the brain

A

10-100 billion

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23
Q

amount of glia cells

A

1-50X as many as neurons

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24
Q

number of synapses

A

0.15 quadrillion

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25
Q

layers of cortex

A

6

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26
Q

dendrites

A

receive info and bring to cell body

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27
Q

soma

A

contains nucleus

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28
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

where action potential happens and propagates

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29
Q

what does myelin do to the electrical signal

A

speeds it up

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30
Q

CT scan

A

computer axial tomography

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31
Q

tomographic image

A

a 3D image made from 2D sections

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32
Q

what is a CT scan a form of?

A

an X-ray

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33
Q

what type of X-ray is used in a CT scan

A

a moveble x-ray

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34
Q

3 important parts of CT scan

A
  1. moveable x-ray source
  2. x-ray center (opposite side)
  3. computer
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35
Q

advantage of CT

A

see inside a living thing without cutting it

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36
Q

disadvantage of CT

A

receive x-ray radiation

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37
Q

good use for CT

A

finding a tumor or a lesion

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38
Q

PET scan

A

positron emission tomography

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39
Q

is PET invasive or non-invasive

A

slightly invasive, less than a CT scan though

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40
Q

how does a PET scan work?

A

radioactive glucose consumed and shows where blood flow is

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41
Q

subtraction technique

A

give people one task, and the task you’re interested in. Subtract PET scan of the 2 to find area of interest

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42
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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43
Q

how does an MRI work

A

brief, powerful magnets cause oxygen atoms to aline

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44
Q

fMRI

A

moving images show active neurons consuming oxyhemoglobin

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45
Q

how does the spatial resolution of MRI compare to CT scans

A

better

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46
Q

is MRI invasive

A

no

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47
Q

what is the downside to MRI?

A

expensive

48
Q

EEG

A

ElectroEncephaloGram

49
Q

is EEG invasive?

A

completely non-invasive

50
Q

how does an EEG work?

A

electrical activity recorded at the scalp

51
Q

downside of EEG

A

a column of brain tissue is recorded and a 2D image is produced. can’t look deep into the brain

52
Q

ERP

A

event related potential

53
Q

how does ERP work

A

averages EEG patterns to find characteristic peaks and valleys after stimulus onset

54
Q

what is ERP useful for

A

defining brain activity at the immediate point of a stimulus

55
Q

advantage

A

cheaper than MRI or PET

56
Q

2 pieces of info from ERP

A

lag time (in ms) and if the potential is positive or negative

57
Q

MEG

A

MagnetoEncephaloGraphy

58
Q

what does MEG do

A

direct measure of neural activity using magnetic fields at the scalp

59
Q

how does MEG spatial resolution compare to MRI

A

just as good

60
Q

how does MEG temporal resolution compare to fMRI

A

10X faster

61
Q

downsides to MEG

A

study only surface tissue and very expensive

62
Q

DTI

A

diffusion tensor imaging

63
Q

what is DTI a form of?

A

MRI

64
Q

what does DTI show

A

axonal organization

organization of connections in the brain

65
Q

does DTI measure neuronal activity

A

no it measures motion water molecules through diffusion in axons

66
Q

advantage of DTI over MRI

A

shows what parts of the brain are connected

67
Q

PDP

A

parallel distributed processing

68
Q

3 principles of PDP

A
  1. all representations are distributed (not local)
  2. storage is between units (not in units)
  3. learning happens gradually
69
Q

storage is between units

A

memories and knowledge are stored in connections between units

70
Q

all representations are distributed

A

information in the brain is distributed everywhere

71
Q

learning happens gradually

A

after repeated exposures of a presentation, the system changes and a memory is formed

72
Q

what are nodes and connections represented as in neural networks?

A 
nodes = circles
lines = connections
73
Q

what shape is a neural network

A

N by N matrix

74
Q

how is information altered in neural networks

A

repeated flow through of information

75
Q

mental states in neural networks

A

N-dimensional vectors

76
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

2T current causes neurons to fire, inhibiting or creating behavior

77
Q

how strong is the TMS current

A

twice the strength of the earth’s magnetic field

78
Q

single dissociation

A

lesion in structure A impairs function X but not function Y

79
Q

double dissociation

A

lesion in structure A impairs function X but not function Y, lesion in structure B impairs function Y but not function X

80
Q

Capgras delusion

A

person believes someone close is an imposter

81
Q

how many Capgras people have head trauma

A

1/3

82
Q

Freudian explanation of capgras

A

Oedipus complex surfaces after blow to the head. Rationalizes this by claiming his parents are imposters

83
Q

Ramachandran explanation of capgras

A

temporal lobe allows person to recognize family. but lesions to amygdala connection prevent an emotional connection

84
Q

further evidence in David case study of Capgras

A

recognized his parents on the phone. connection from auditory cortex to amygdala wasn’t severed

85
Q

2 main ideas of representation

A
  1. localized representation

2. distributed representation

86
Q

specificity encoding

A

2 different experiences happen in 2 different neurons

87
Q

temporal coding

A

neurons don’t differentiate experiences, speed of APs do

88
Q

population coding

A

combination of neurons that fire determines experience

89
Q

sparse coding

A

each item encoded by smaller amount of neurons, with stronger activation

90
Q

temporal sparse coding

A

time period of small number of neurons

91
Q

types of localized representation

A
  1. specific (ie. individual neurons)

2. broad (ie. hemispheres)

92
Q

grandmother cell

A

one cell per perception

93
Q

feature detectors

A

different types of neurons detect different orientations at different intensities

94
Q

who came up with the cognitive model of modularity

A

Fodor

95
Q

domain specific modularity

A

distinct modules in the brain have different functions

96
Q

fusiform face area

A

right side of brain in temporal lobe

recognizes objects and faces

97
Q

parahippocampal place area

A

creates a map of visual scenes

98
Q

extrastriate body area

A

recognizes body and body parts

99
Q

Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe, left hemisphere

speech production

100
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

left auditory cortex

understanding written and spoken language

101
Q

distributed representation

A

one experience has many features and can’t be localized

102
Q

brain weight

A

1.4 kg (2% of body)

103
Q

brain energy use

A

25% of body

104
Q

brain surface area

A

2000 cm squared

105
Q

cortex thickness

A

2-5 mm

106
Q

amount of Canadians with brain disease

A

10 million (1 in 3)

107
Q

percent of brain that is water

A

75%

108
Q

3 brains

A
  1. hindbrain
  2. midbrain
  3. forbrain
109
Q

4 lobes

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal

110
Q

3 fissures

A

longitudinal, central, lateral

111
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

between 2 hemispheres

112
Q

central fissure

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

113
Q

lateral fissure

A

separates temporal lobe from rest of brain

114
Q

how much brain do you need?

A

150 g

115
Q

Bayesian probability

A

model to predict human movement

116
Q

2 sources of information to make beliefs

A
  1. sensory input

2. prior knowledge

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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