Reading Flashcards
What does reading encompass
Vision, Memory ,speech, semantics and syntax (combine written words to understand sentences)
Fixation on word
due to high acuity of vision limited to small area of fovea need to directly focus on word. 4-5 letters seen with 100% acuity
myth disproven by eye fixations
speed reading as only so much input can physically go to retina
Identifying component letters
word identification based on letters rather then overall pattern as can recognise even if have never seen visual depiction of word like that
Abstract letter codes
abstract letter codes treat letters the same despite visual differences
mask priming- lower case word shown unconsciously then can read upper case word quicker after is words match
visual word identification diagram
v1- all visual info processed
orthographic system- specialised for letters and map all forms into n abstract letter code
steps of identifying words
fixate on word
identify component letters
encode order of letters
compare with mental dictionary
retrieve meaning
compute pronunciation
Encode the order of letters
need to distinguish between words with same letter but different order
external letters
no as can differentiate words with only internal transposition e.g. form and from
context dependant coding
Coded by position in LTM interactive activation model- separate letter detectors for the identification and position of letter eg A1 A2 A3.
have 26 X length of longest word letter detectors
context independent coding
same letter detector used in STM. position based on relative level of activation
Distinguish views priming
dependant- from from and film
independent form and from
similar
priming occurs more when target differs by letter transposition support independent
Novel contexts
allows for identification of words. treecat independent allows for recognition of word cat as same pattern of activation
Geon theory
objects made of abstract parts and combined in stm to identify objects
representation of word
in brain study
words compete to be identified
prime vary in lexicality
trip-trap trup-trap cart-trap
expect more priming from non words
prime-lexically effect
trup-TRAP positive priming
trip-TRAP inhibitory priming
cart-TRAP baseline
inhibitory suggests competition
Cascaded process
processing at level N+1 can start before completing N
Non-cascaded or discrete
processing at level N must be completed before info is passed on
retrieving meaning of word study
compare reaction times to 2 questions
catch animal and body part
contains word cat so slower rt to question 1 supporting cascaded
interference effect
compute pronunciation
Dual route model
route a sub-lexical non words
route b - orthographic lexicon to phonological lexicon (lexical phonological
route c- orthographic to semantic to phonological (lexical-semantic)
b and c irregular words
which ever route is fastest wins pronunciation
Frequency effects
high frequency words read more quickly
regularity effects
regular words read more quickly
frequency*regularity
regularity effect only found for low-frequency words
Dyslexia
surface-damage to lexical routes so struggle with irregular words
Phonological- difficulty with sub-lexical route so struggle with non words
deep- can only read via lexical semantic which is partly damaged so make semantic errors
