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1. Avian & Exotics > Rats > Flashcards

Rats Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

A

Order: rodentia
Genus: rattus
Species: R. norvegicus and R. rattus

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2
Q

Lifespan

A

2.5-4 years

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3
Q

Heart rate

A

300-500 beats/ minute

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4
Q

Domestication of the brown rat

A

1800s in Europe and America
Rat baiting (Which dog killed the largest #)

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5
Q

Why are rats the second most used in research?

A

Short gestation and lifespan
Docile behavior
Ready availability

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6
Q

Common rat strains

A

Sprague-Dawley (most common)
Wistar (most common)
Long Evans

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7
Q

Sprague-Dawley

A

Hybrid albino with long narrow heads
High repro rate and low incidence of spontaneous tumor
Calm temperament and easy handling

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8
Q

Wistar rat

A

Hybid albino strain
First rat strain developed to be a odel

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9
Q

Long Evans

A

Outbred rats with good repro performance, not docile

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10
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Hyposondontic incisors (continue to grow)
Diatema (gap between incisors and molars)

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11
Q

Harderian Gland

A

Horseshoe-shaped
Pink to gray
Porphyrin secretion- “red tears” (chromodacyorrhea)

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12
Q

Where can porphyrin be found?

A

Eyes and nares
Sick/ stressed on forelimbs and back from grooming

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13
Q

Zymbal’s gland

A

Modified sebaceous gland at the base of the ear
Sebaceous adenocarcinoma can develop with gland

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14
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid: serous
Submandibular: mixed
Sublingual: mucous @ rostral pole of the submandibular gland

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15
Q

Esophagus

A

Epithelium is heavily keratinized –> beneficial due to ease of gavaging

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16
Q

Brown fat (hibernation gland)

A

In scapular region, neck, axilla, along urethra and peritoneum
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Granular cytoplasm

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17
Q

Kidney

A

Unpapillate kidney makes cannulation easier

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18
Q

Females reproductive system

A

Bicornuate duplex uterus –> 2 distinct uterine horns –> merge forming uterine body –> 2 distinct ossa uteri
2 cervices
Hemochorial placentation

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19
Q

Mammary glands

A

6 pairs (3 pectoral, 3 abdominal)

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20
Q

Males reproductive system

A

Os penis
Seminal vescicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate, coagulating, preputial
Inguinal canal remains open

21
Q

Repro physiology

A

Puberty: 60-90 days
Gestation: 21-23 days
Polyestrus with estrus cycle of 4-5 days

22
Q

Vaginal plug

A

coagulum composed of seminiferous fluid
Presence= mating
Vaginal lavage and microscopic exam

23
Q

Pup development

A

Born hairless and blind with closed ear canals (altrical)
Eyes open @ 4-17 days and fully haired @ 7-10 days
Can’t urinate without materal stimulation –> obstructive urinary tract disease

24
Q

Pups dental

A

Incisors: 6-8 days
Molar: 16-34 days

25
Q

When are pups weaned?

A

@ 20-21 days (early as 17 days)

26
Q

Behavior

A

Most active @ night
Coprophagic (eating feces)
Sprague and lewis rats more docile, brown norway and F344 aren’t docile

27
Q

Blood collection

A

Saphenous vein, ventral tail artery and dorsal and lateral tail veins

28
Q

Compound administrations

A

Oral
Intragastric
SubQ
IM
Intraperitoneal
IV
Osmotic minipump

29
Q

Mycoplasmosis

A

Mycoplasma pulmonis
Murine resp. mycoplasmosis (MRM) aka Chronic Respiratory disease (CRD)

30
Q

Clinical signs of mycoplasmosis

A

Chromodacryorrhea
Rales, dyspnea, chattering
Rubbing of eyes and head tilt
Usually observed in older animals, silent in young

31
Q

Mycoplasmosis diagnosis

A

Cultural Isolation (upper resp. and middle ears)
Gross exam and histopath

31
Q

Treatment and prevention of mycoplasmosis

A

Not treated in research, pets with Baytril
Surveillance via ELISA

32
Q

Streptobacillosis

A

Streptobacillus moniliformes
Transmitted via bites, close contact and ingestion of rat feces

33
Q

Clinical signs of streptobacillosis

A

Nonpathogenic in rat
Zoonotic with 3-10 days incubation–> maculopapular and pustular rash, fever, headache and polyartritis

34
Q

Streptobacillosis diagnosis

A

Gram-neg pleomorphic bacillus that grow nonhemolytically on sheep blood agar

35
Q

Treatment, prevention and management of streptobacillosis

A

Antibiotics (humans)
Colonies monitored by blood culture and nasopharyngeal swabs
Colony terminated when found

35
Q

Hantavirus

A

2 lineages
Transmitted by aerosol and contact

36
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever and Renal syndrome (HFRS)

A

Rattus norvegicus is natural host for Seoul Hantavirus
Fever, thrombocytopenia, capillary leakage, myalgia, headache, petechiae, retroperitoneal and renal hemorrhage

36
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A

Fever and capillary leakage in lungs
Death from shock and cardiac complications

37
Q

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hantavirus

A

Serology
Zoonotic- if detected colony culled
Contact with rodents and urine

38
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Lice, fleas and mites

39
Q

Endoparasites

A

Crytosporidosis
Trypanosoma lewisi
Giardia muris, Spironucleus muris
Pinworms
Trichosomoides crassicauda
Tapeworms

40
Q

Diagnosis of chronic progressive nephropathy

A

CBC
Chemistry profile- azotemia (increased BUN and creatinine), Hypercholesterolemia and hyperproteinemia
Urinalysis (proteinuria)

41
Q

Chronic progressive nephropathy

A

Progressive glomerulosclerosis
Old rat neophropathy
Most important age relating disease of rat kidneys, most common causes of death in rats
Signs: weightloss

41
Q

Contributing factors of Chronic progressive nephropathy

A

Age (>12 months)
Sex (males)
Strain (higher in Sprague and F344)
Diet (high protein)
Immunological (mesangial deposition of IgM)
Endocrine (Increased serum prolactin levels)

42
Q

Managment and prevntion

A

20-30% reduction in calories

43
Q

Malocclusion

A

Overgrown teeth only seen in research and pet rats
Signs: drooling, anorexia and wounds in mouth
Trim and give chew toys

43
Q

Mammary Fibroadenoma

A

Extensive distribution of mammary tissue
Tumors 8-10 cm in diameter
Treat with mastectomy and most are benign

44
Q

Gross pathology of zymbal’s gland tumor

A

Circumscribed mass
Ulceration common
Sheets of epithelial cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and leukocytic infiltration

1. Avian & Exotics (14 decks)

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