Ratites/Ciconiiformes/Gruiiformes/Misc Birds JA Review Flashcards
What nerve provides innervation to flexors of the hock and extensors of the digits in ratites?
Raghav, R., Al Busaidi, T. M., & Samour, J. (2020). Management of Knuckling in an Ostrich (Struthio camelus) Using a Custom-Made Orthotic Shoe. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(4), 381-389.
Common peroneal nerve (fibular) - Arises from the ischiatic nerve and innervates flexors of hock and extensors of digits. Injury results in knuckling (inability to extend).
Ddx knuckling in birds - central and peripheral neuro issues, upper or lower motor neuron issues, injuries to sciatic nerve or branches, especially peroneal, capture myopathy.
What was observed in a retrospective study of mortality in captive struthioniformes and how can the issues be mitigated/prevented?
Lamglait, B. (2018). Retrospective study of mortality in captive struthioniformes in a French zoo (1974–2015). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 49(4), 967-976.
Most common cause of neonatal death - Yolk-sac infection; E. coli most common. Under category of ‘digestive origin’ issues. Possible tx surgical removal or aspiration of yolk (medical not successful).
Unbalanced fibrous diet likely linked to high prevalence of GI impaction and cloacal prolapse in juveniles - Fibrous diets should be introduced progressively in juvenile ostriches.
MSK disorder in hand-reared emus and rheas.
Trauma in neonatal ostriches (crushing by parent). Could be prevented by provision of chick safety areas around nests.
Leg deformities in ostrich and emu chicks and juveniles. Tibiotarsal rotation and bowed legs most prevalent conditions. Provide an appropriate diet and enough room for exercise on appropriate substrate.
General sepsis in hand-reared ratites from a Chlamydiosis outbreak.
Trauma by conspecifics in subadult ostriches and emus. Subadult should be large enough and there should be a progressive introduction. Introduce a few subadults simultaneously. Exhibiting emus in pairs or small groups also seems to reduce the incidence of trauma.
Stress myopathy in subadult rheas.
Evisceration of adult males by herbivores (hoofstock) in mixed exhibits. Close attention should be paid to male ostriches during breeding season, mitigate aggression.
Salpingitis and fatal peritonitis in adult female ostriches.
Ocular disorder adult male emus. To prevent ocular disorders in male emus sitting on eggs, isolate these animals from exhibit-mates.
What number are the ostrich digits? Is there a communication between the metatarsophalangeal joint and P1 of the digits?
Tehrani, P. R., Gilanpour, H., & Veshkini, A. (2017). Radiographic anatomy of the Metatarsophalangeal joint and digits of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 31(3), 198-205.
Standing weight is borne directly by the two digits.
D3 - 4 phalanges with 3 interphalangeal joints.
D4 - smaller, outer toe; 5 phalanges, 4 interphalangeal joints.
Metatarsophalangeal joint - TMT bone + P1 of D3 and D4. No articular communication between digits.
Bones of the metatarsophalangeal joint ossify after 135 days age. No communication between MTP joints 3 and 4.
Why is evisceration preferred to enucleation in ratites and birds of prey? What are possible complications of evisceration?
Rogers, C. M., Blue-McLendon, A., Scott, E. M., & Vallone, L. V. (2020). Self-limiting Orbital Emphysema Following Ocular Evisceration and Demonstration of Nasolacrimal-Oropharyngeal Communication in a South African Ostrich (Struthio camelus australis). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(4), 396-401.
Evisceration preferred over enucleation in birds of prey and ratites due to large globe size, bony scleral ossicles, delicate bony interorbital septum.
Orbital emphysema is a possible complication of ocular evisceration, but appears to be self-limiting.
What anesthesia related complications were observed in tinamous anesthetized with medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine followed by sevo?
Ronaldson, H. L., Monticelli, P., Cuff, A. R., Michel, K. B., d’Ovidio, D., & Adami, C. (2020). Anesthesia and anesthetic-related complications of 8 elegant-crested tinamous (Eudromia elegans) undergoing experimental surgery. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(1), 17-25.
Majority developed cardiac arrhythmias, some regurgitated, 1 cardiac arrest. Another had a prolonged recovery.
Most had bradycardia, developed arrhythmias following atropine tx.
Tinamous have small ventricles and stroke volume, rely on high HR to maintain CO (bradycardia is harmful).
What was observed regarding IOP, tear production, corneal thickness, and corneal touch threshold in Atlantic puffins?
What is the difference between the STT and phenol red test?
Westmoreland, L. S., Hadfield, C. A., Clayton, L. A., Atkins, R. M., Hyman, J. A., & Rossi, B. H. (2020). Ocular examinations and investigation of intraocular pressure, tear production, central corneal thickness, and corneal touch threshold in a captive flock of Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(2), 123-131.
R eye significantly greater tear production vs L.
Males have thicker corneas.
Older birds showed decreased corneal sensitivity. Moderate correlation.
General IOP trends: Owls (nocturnal) < Atl puffin < hawks (diurnal) «_space;Penguins.
STT measures residual, basal, and reflexive tearing.
Phenol red measures residual and basal (not reflexive) tearing.
Corneal thickness measured by US pachymetry, confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography.
Corneal sensitivity determined with esthesiometer.
What was observed regarding serum biochemistry values in olrog’s gull males vs females?
García, G. O., Paterlini, C. A., Castano, M. V., Nicolli, A. R., Zumpano, F., & Favero, M. (2019). Serum biochemistry values for the olrog’s gull (larus atlanticus): a study based on free-living individuals. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 50(2), 330-336.
ALP and calcium significantly higher in males.
What were histopathological findings in free-ranging california hummingbirds?
Magagna, M., Noland, E., Tell, L. A., Purdin, G., Rideout, B., Lipman, M. W., & Agnew, D. (2019). Histopathologic findings in free-ranging California hummingbirds, 1996–2017. Journal of wildlife diseases, 55(2), 343-351.
Most commonly affected organs were lung followed by ingluvies followed by liver.
Most lesions attributed to trauma (especially resp/abdomen). Infectious second most common. Also lesions assoc with avian poxvirus, intestinal adenovirus, disseminated aspergillosis, bacterial septicemia, Haemoproteus, mycobacteriosis.
Had intestinal cestodes but not significant intestinal inflammation.
Histologic evidence of a gallbladder!
Also observed aortic ossification.
What is a known risk factor for pentadactyly in alpine swifts?
Dogliero, A., Quaranta, G., & von Degerfeld, M. M. (2018). Bilateral Pentadactyly in an Immature Alpine Swift (Tachymarptis melba). Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 32(4), 342-344.
High enviornmental temp during early embryonic development is a known risk factor for polydactyly.
This swift had no motor deficits or discomfort and was ultimately released.
What was observed in a comparison between standard zoo quarantine practices and risk-based management at Disney?
McLean, K. M., Schook, M. W., & Pye, G. W. (2021). Comparison between standard zoo quarantine practices and risk-based management of animal transfers: a retrospective analysis of avian acquisition morbidity and mortality (2013–2018). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51(4), 1017-1020.
Birds straight to collection had lower morbidity rates than those that went through quarantine.
Morbidity more likely to occur with standard quarantine vs risk-based quarantine. Risk-based approach does not seem to pose a greater risk to animal morbidity or mortality and still protects the collection from dz introduction.
No transmissible pathogens of concern were introduced with acquired birds.
What was observed in an evaluation of immunogenicity of newcastle dz vaccine in hornbill?
Koeppel, K. N., Kemp, L. V., Maartens, L. H., & Thompson, P. N. (2020). Immunogenicity of Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(3), 229-236.
Ab were monitored with hemagglutination inhibition test.
Highest vaccine titer in birds with the live Ulster strain in conjunctiva followed by an IM Struvac injection.
Oral vx did not provide adequate titers.
What two types of tape were found to be best to prevent feather damage? Which was the worst?
Hill, A. G. (2020). Comparison of Feather Damage Associated With the Application of Pressure-sensitive Adhesive Tapes. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(3), 268-273.
Feathers are composed of beta keratins.
Central rachis (shaft), calamus (quill), vane of parallel branching barbs connect to each other with interlocknig barbules.
Worst = Transpore surgical tape (plastic grid tape, high likelihood of tearing).
Best = Microspore surgical tape or Scotch blue painter’s tape (paper, less sticky). MST did not tear feathers and separation was mild.
Overall - Rigid backing leads to tearing and strong adhesives lead to barbule separation.
What was observed in a postmortem evaluation of migratory whooping cranes following reintroduction?
Cole, G. A., Thomas, N. J., Spalding, M., Stroud, R., Urbanek, R. P., & Hartup, B. K. (2009). Postmortem evaluation of reintroduced migratory whooping cranes in eastern North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 45(1), 29-40.
Highest mortality with predation followed by collision with power lines or HBC, then gunshot.
Two samples tested for lead were high in power line birds, may have contributed.
What was observed in an outbreak of MBD in heron and egret chicks fed capelin?
Horgan, M., Duerr, R., & Murphy, B. (2021). CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF AN OUTBREAK OF VITAMIN D3–RESPONSIVE METABOLIC BONE DISEASE IN HERON AND EGRET (FAMILY ARDEIDAE) CHICKS FED CAPELIN (MALLOTUS VILLOSUS). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51(4), 958-969.
Capelin = low in vit D.
Most common bone = Tarsometatarsus.
Most common location = Proximal third of long bone.
Enlarged hyperplastic parathyroid glands on necropsy.
Supplementation with vit D in diet resulted in improvement.
