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Avian Medicine > Ratites > Flashcards

Ratites Flashcards

1
Q

What birds are in the Order Struthioniformes?

A

Ratites

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2
Q

Unique features of ratites

A

Flat keel, features lack barbules, no uropygial gland, illia form shield over the synsacrum

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3
Q

Unique feature of the Emu trachea

A

Tracheal sac - Series of incomplete cartilage rings on anterior aspect covered by thin membrane for drumming noises during breeding season

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4
Q

Anatomical feature in emus, rheas, cassowaries that ostriches lack

A

Gallbladder

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5
Q

What spp has two functional ovaries that ovulate alternately

A

Kiwi; Also they make GIANT eggs - This is normal

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6
Q

Anatomical differences between Tinamous and Ratites

A

Tinamous are flighted, have well-developed pectorals, highly pneumatized skeleton, elaborate ceca

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7
Q

Unique anatomic features of the skeleton

A

No patellas; Emus, cassowaries, rheas tridactyl; Cassowaries sharp claw inner toe

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8
Q

Number of toes - Ostrich, cassowaries, emus, rheas

A

Ostrich didactyl with nail on medial toe only; Others tridactyl with nail on all toes

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9
Q

Unique feather anatomy of ratites

A

Barbules do not interlock (fluffy); No down feathers; Continuously molt

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10
Q

Unique metabolic differences between Kiwi and others

A

Kiwis have a lower basal average temp

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11
Q

Compare and contrast GI anatomy for ostrich, rea, cassowaries, emus

A

Ostrich and rheas have small glandular patch in PV with thick-walled ventriculus; Ostrich has voluminous colon and small ceca; PV in emus and cassowaries large and diffusely glandular with small ventrilucus that lacks a koilin layer; Rhea has enormous paired ceca; Strong rectal-coprodeal sphincter results in separate defecation and urination

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12
Q

Describe what position eggs needs to be in for ostrich incubation

A

Vertical positioning during incubation is beneficial, turning of eggs is crucial

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13
Q

Compare and contrast rhea and kiwi reproduction

A

Rheas polygamous with 1 male competing for several females, communal nests, parental care exclusively by males; Kiwis pair for life, largest egg-to-body ratio (20% female BW).

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14
Q

Compare and contrast ostrich and cassowary environmental ideals

A

Ostriches prefer semi-arid and are adapted to hot and dry environments; Cassowaries prefer rain forests. All may swim; Ostrich males territorial during breeding season, harem groups recommended.

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15
Q

Compare and contrast diets for ostrich, emus, cassowaries, kiwi

A

Ostrich and rhea exclusively vegetarian; Emus eat a lot of insects; Cassowaries largely frugivores; Kiwis inverts in wild but meat and fruit/carbs in captivity

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16
Q

What anatomic feature of cassowaries make manual restraint dangerous

A

Daggerlike claw on limbs

17
Q

Describe preventive measures/considerations for preventing capture myopathy in ratites

A

Vit E/Se, fluid therapy and NSAIDS; fast 12-24h before and restrain water for 4 hrs; Ideal dart perpendicular to proximal thigh; Underdosing may result in overexertion during excitatory phase. Excessive running during excitatory phase, refractory to sedative effect of opioids; Apnea common during anesthesia; Lateral recumbency for prolonged periods = peroneal nerve paralysis/padding essential

18
Q

IM injection sites in Ratites

A

Epaxials, proximal leg muscles; Lack pectoral musculature

19
Q

Spirochete assoc with necrotizing typhlitis in young rhea

A

Serpulina hyodysenteriae

20
Q

Etiologic agents for GI infections common in chicks

A

E. coli, Salmonella, S. hyodysenteriae, avian influenza, coronavirus, rotavirus, Histomonas meleagridis, cryptosporidia, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

21
Q

Why are kiwi thought to be more susceptible to fungal infections?

A

Lower body temp vs other bird spp

22
Q

Tropism of EEE virus for emus and rheas

A

Unique visceral tropism results in GI symptoms; DIFFERENT than other birds (neuro dz)

23
Q

Nematodes found in deep proventricular glands and under koilin layer in ostriches

A

Trichostrongylid nematodes (Libyostrongylus)

24
Q

Rheas - Nematode between the koilin layer and ventricular mucosa

A

Sicarius uncinipenis

25
Q

Fatal cerebral nematodiasis Chandlerella quiscalis in ratites - what is its reservoir and transmission

A

Songbirds reservoir, transmitted by Culicoides mosquitoes

26
Q

Identify 5 drug/food toxicities in ratites

A

Lindaine-containing antiparasitics, lincomycin, streptomycin, colistin abx,

Se oversupplementation in chicks;

parsley - photosensitivity;

avocado - epicardial edema and myocardial degeneration;\

oak leaves in cassowary - enteritis and nephritis

27
Q

Causes of developmental angular limb deformities in ratites.

A

Imbalances in vit D3, Ca, P, Mn, Zn, Cu, Se, riboflavin deficiency, protein excess.

28
Q

Cause of rickets in ratite chicks (folding fractures, ALD, pliable long bones)

A

Hypophosphatemia

29
Q

Viral disease that causes cutaneous nodules in kiwis

A

Avian pox; eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions

30
Q

Avian influenza virus clinical signs in ostriches and emus

A

OIE reportable; Ostriches - anorexia, depression, poor growth, biliverdinuria; Emus - Respiratory signs.

31
Q

Name 2 OIE reportable diseases affecting ratites

A

Avian influenza; Newcastle

32
Q

Viral disease with high mortality in emus, causes hemorrhages throughout small intestines.

How does this disease differ in cassowaries?

A

Eastern equine encephalitis; NEURO dz in cassowaries (NOT GI LIKE EMUS)

33
Q

Protozoal disease that causes significant disease in kiwi

A

Intestinal and extraintestinal coccidia - E. kiwi (intestinal); E. parairii (colorectal polyps); E. mantelli (feces); E. apteryxii (renal)

34
Q

Ostrich louse

A

Struthiolipeurus struthionis

35
Q

Which digit is the largest digit of the ostrich foot?

Is there a connection between the metatarsophalangial joint cavities of the 2 digits?

Are there communications between metatarsophalangeal joints 3 and 4?

A

Radiographic Anatomy of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint and Digits of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Tehrani PR, Gilanpour H, Veshkini A.

J Avian Med Surg. 2017 Sep;31(3):198-205.

  • D3 – 4 phalanges with 3 interphalangeal joints.
  • First IP joint between P1, P2.
    • Saddle-shaped, sagittal groove and ridge system helps limit medial and lateral movement.
  • Second IP joint between P3, P2.
  • Third IP joint between P4, P3.
  • D4 (smaller, outer toe) – 5 phalanges, 4 IP joints.
  • Arthrography of MTP joint:
    • Dorsal, plantar pouches.
    • Pouches around flexor tendons.
    • No connection between MTP joint cavities of the 2 digits.
36
Q

What was the most common issue affecting ratite neonates < 1wk in a French zoo? What type of rearing was this associated with?

What were the most common issues for chicks - ostriches, rheas, emus?

What were the most common issues for juveniles - Ostrich, rhea, emu?

Adults?

What conditions had an increased incidence with male sex?

A

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE STRUTHIONIFORMES IN A FRENCH ZOO (1974–2015)

Benjamin Lamglait, D.M.V., M.Sc., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Z.H.M.)

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 49(4): 967–976, 2018

SURVIVAL RATES: Emus 59% > rheas 31%> ostriches 29%

AGE: chicks 38% > neonate & juvenile 22% > adult 10% > subadult 8%

Emu chick death and adult death LESS prevalent. Common rhea juvenile death MORE prevalent

NEONATE (<1WK)

MOST COMMON = Yolk sac infection 97% - E. coli the most common bacterium identified (57% of tested)

2nd = musculoskeletal (emus and rheas = trauma or stress myopathy; ostriches = trauma, crushed by parents)

CHICKS (1WK – 1 MO)

Ostriches: DIGESTIVE (impaction > enteritis > FB and gastric perf > rectal prolapse) > sepsis

Rheas: DIGESTIVE (most bacterial enteritis, E. coli and Salmonella most common)

Salmonella serovars typhimurium and enteritidis suggestive of environmental contamination

Emus: musculoskeletal (most perosis, leg deformitiy 🡪 euth) > sepsis

JUVENILES (1-<6MO)

Ostriches: DIGESTIVE (gastric impaction > enteritis > FB and gastric perf > rectal prolapse) and musculoskeletal (mostly perosis)

Rheas: DIGESTIVE (Salmonella fibrinonecrotic enteritis)

Emus: musculoskeletal (mostly perosis)

Subadults (6MO – 3YR)

Ostriches and emus: trauma from conspecifics

Rheas: musculoskeletal (stress myopathy during introduction of new individual to enclosure)

Adults (>3YR)

Ostriches: trauma (mostly evisceration) > genitourinary deaths (mostly fatal peritonitis d/t salpingitis)

Emus: ocular issues (palpebral > conjunctival) *mostly males that were nesting

Rheas: Digestive and sepsis

SEX: males more likely to be affected by trauma (ostriches) and ocular disorders (emus) when adult age

REARING: 1/3 parent reared, 2/3 hand-reared

More yolk sac infection when hand reared

Conclusions: Majority of deaths in neonatal, chick, and juvenile age groups was digestive origin, yolk sac infection (especially hand reared chicks), and trauma.

37
Q

A recent paper described a new technique for candling thick shelled eggs, like those of the emu and rhea.

What is this technique?

How did it affect the development of normal incubation?

A

ZB 2023 42(2) 296-307
A new candling procedure for thick and opaque eggs and its application to avian conservation

Key Points:
- Overall, these results indicate that the fenestration process has little effect on the normal incubation and hatching process.
- The results show this study was successful in achieving its aims of developing and testing a method to safely apply egg candling methods to thick and opaque eggs via candling, with embryonic development observed for viable eggs
- We have also demonstrated that this technique facilitates the application of existing blood draw methods, which was proven by the successful extraction of DNA from drawn blood samples from emu eggs
- The procedure developed allows sex determination and therefore the incubation to be discontinued for an undesired sex within an ethical timeframe

38
Q

A recent paper described cervical esophagectomy and anastomosis in an ostrich.

What is the scientific name of the ostrich?

Why was an R&A needed?

How was this bird anesthetized for the procedure?

What are some common complications with esophageal surgeries?

A

JAMS 2023 36(4):421-425
Subtotal Cervical Esophagectomy and Anastomosis in an Ostrich (Struthio camelus domesticus)
Zafalon-Silva B, Costa PM, Schmidt VRQ, C Beck CA, Alievi MM

Key Points:
- Provided supportive care 48 hours pre-op to better stabilize the ostrich
– Supportive care included analgesia and antibiotic coverage
– An esophagostomy tube was placed distal to the fistula during hospitalization
– Maintained post-op for 15 days too
- Sedation: 4 mg/kg midazolam IM
– Induced with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg IV + ketamine10 mg/kg IV
– Maintained with 1.5-2.5% isoflurane during surgery
- Performed partial esophagectomy then resection with end-to-end anastomosis
– Complications in esophageal surgeries:
– Delay in closure, dehiscence, fistulae, and strictures
– A double-layer suture closure was used to achieve end-to-end anastomosis
- The fistula was likely caused by the accidental ingestion of a foreign body
– Ostriches in captivity are not selective in their feed intake

TLDR: Successful outcome for the treatment of a fistulated esophageal stricture in a captive ostrich

Avian Medicine (66 decks)

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