Birds of Prey Journal Article Quick Review Flashcards
What was associated with lead levels in nestling bald eagles in PEI?
Vaasjo, E., Beauchamp, G., & Desmarchelier, M. (2022). Health status including lead levels of nestling bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) on prince edward island, canada in 2012 and 2013. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53(1), 204-208.
Prevalence of lead decreased with increasing wt, age, and BCS. Young eaglets can have detectable levels of lead, and may be negatively impacting their BCS and weight.
Lead prevalence NOT impacted by location or measurements of the eaglet.
General PK CCFA in bald eagles?
Sadar, M. J., Cox, S. K., Duvall, A., & Jones, M. P. (2021). Pharmacokinetics of a Single Intramuscular Injection of Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid in Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 35(3), 290-294.
CCFA may be dosed at 10 mg/kg IM every 60 hrs (3-5d) or 20 mg/kg IM every 80-160 hrs (3-7d) in BAEA. One bird had bruising at the injection site.
CCFA in RTHA lasts 5 days.
What was observed following administration of high oral doses of meloxicam to American kestrels?
Summa, N. M., Guzman, D. S. M., Larrat, S., Troncy, E., Bird, D. M., Lair, S., & Fitzgerald, G. (2017). Evaluation of high dosages of oral meloxicam in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 31(2), 108-116.
Administered meloxicam orally via feeding tube into the proventriculus at 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg q12h x 7 days.
No clinical signs or mortality.
No evidence of renal toxicity.
Significant correlation between hepatic lipidosis and meloxicam dose.
What risk factors were associated with atherosclerosis in raptors in Northern California?
Lujan-Vega, C., Keel, M. K., Barker, C. M., & Hawkins, M. G. (2021). Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Lesions and Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis in Raptors in Northern California. Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 35(3), 295-304.
Greater severity of lesions in aorta vs pulmonary artery.
Hepatic and pulmonary arteries NOT commonly affected.
Peripheral vessels - Commonly kidney, heart (myocardial and coronary arteries), gonads, spleen.
Falconidae highest prevalence.
Risk in Accipitridae significantly less vs Falconidae.
Adult raptors, females, captive birds at higher risk.
What was observed in a PK study of single dose voriconazole PO with and without food in RTHA?
Parsley, R. A., Tell, L. A., & Gehring, R. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of voriconazole administered orally with and without food to red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 78(4), 433-439.
Voriconazole 15 mg/kg PO in a dead mouse or without food.
Overall voriconazole well absorbed, food delayed absorption and resulted in significant delay in time to maximum plasma concentration.
Mean plasma concentration reached target for 8 hrs in unfed birds and 12 hrs in fed birds (time above MIC increased in fed birds).
Cmax was decreased and tmax was delayed in fed birds.
General PK concentrated buprenorphine in RTHA?
How did fentanyl affect iso MAC in RTHA?
What was observed with buprenorphine, hydromorphone, tramadol, butorphanol in kestrels?
Gleeson, M. D., Guzman, D. S. M., Knych, H. K., Kass, P. H., Drazenovich, T. L., & Hawkins, M. G. (2018). Pharmacokinetics of a concentrated buprenorphine formulation in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). American journal of veterinary research, 79(1), 13-20.
Buprenorphine in RTHA - Mild to moderate sedation at high dose SC. Rapid absorption. Plasma concentration maintained 24-48h. A previous study showed minimal effects regarding behavior change and sedation.
Fentanyl CRI in RTHA dose-dependent decreased in iso MAC.
Butorphanol no change in thermal withdrawal kestrels.
Hydro caused substantial sedation in kestrels.
Buprenorphine rapidly absorbed and high bioavailability in kestrels, analgesia for > 9 hrs, SR formulation maintained up to 48h!
What ratio had a strong correlation with cardiac silhouette width in bald eagles? Which species has the smallest ratio?
Locke, S., Johnson, D., Shimp, J., & Pridgen, T. J. (2020). Radiographic Reference Intervals of the Cardiac Silhouette Width in the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 34(3), 260-267.
Cardiac width vs thorax width and sternum width both strongly correlated with cardiac silhouette width.
Cardiac width vs hepatic and coracoid widths moderate to weak correlation, respectively. Not recommended for evaluation of cardiac size.
BAEA have the smallest ratio, supporting hypothesis that larger birds have smaller hearts in relation to body size.
Cardiac to thoracic width ratio:
Osprey > Budgie > Kestrel > AF Grey > Spix > Bonelli’s Eagle > BAEA
In peregrine falcons, sternal width most accurate predictor of cardiac width.
Sternal and thoracic width most useful in general. Ratio of cardiac to thoracic can be impacted by respiratory motion.
Woo, K. M., Barron, G. H., Daugherty, A. L., Woo, J. M., Kehoe, S. P., Aguilar, L. A., & Cavanaugh, S. M. (2019). Measurements of the radiographic cardiac silhouette of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus). American journal of veterinary research, 80(9), 840-845.
Osprey have strong correlation for sternal width, moderate correlation for thoracic width vs cardiac width.
What spp of raptor has had significantly higher concentrations of serum lipids vs other raptor spp, predisposing to atherosclerosis?
Cardiac arrhythmias with isoflurane have been reported in what raptor spp? What arrythmia most common?
What infectious disease of raptors is frequently associated with myocarditis?
What heavy metal has been associated with cardiomyopathy in raptors?
Oster, S. C., & Pariaut, R. (2022). Cardiac Disease of Raptors. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 35(4), 382-389.
Atherosclerosis - Suggested decreased activity, high fat diets, increased age predisposing factors. Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) - significantly higher levels of serum lipids, may predispose to atherosclerosis.
Arrythmias - Eagles have been reported to developed with iso anesthesia (2nd deg AV block).
Myocarditis has been associated with WNV.
Endocarditis has been assoc with septicemia caused by pododermatitis.
Cardiomyopathy assoc with lead toxicity.
PEFA - Sternal width most accurate predictor of cardiac width.
Harris hawks have a narrow heart width on VD rads.
Bonelli’s eagles - Sternal width and thoracic width preferred method to evaluate cardiac width.
What are some risk factors for pododermatitis in raptors?
What shoe material has been shown to have the lowest measured forces on the MT pad in a limb model?
Barboza, T., Beaufrére, H., & Moens, N. (2020). Effects of Perching Surfaces and Foot Bandaging on Central Metatarsal Foot Pad Weight Loading of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 34(1), 9-16.
Risk factors - obesity, poor perch design, nutritional deficiencies, lack of exercise, abrupt decrease in exercise, disrupted blood supply to foot, dz contralateral limb, talon overgrowth, repeated trauma.
Silicone shoe or neoprene decreased measured forces on the MT pad the most. When bandage is not an option, neoprene surface is best followed by turf, but harder to sanitize.
What sample for WNV testing is most sensitive for PCR detection (nonvascular feather quill, vascular immature feather pulp, oropharyngeal swab, cloacal swab, kidney sample)?
Kritzik, K. L., Kratz, G., Panella, N. A., Burkhalter, K., Clark, R. J., Biggerstaff, B. J., & Komar, N. (2018). Determining raptor species and tissue sensitivity for improved West Nile Virus surveillance. Journal of wildlife diseases, 54(3), 528-533.
Feather pulp most sensitive PCR sample, consistent with a previous study in corvids.
Detected most frequently in vascular feather pulp of Cooper’s hawks.
Coopers, RTHA, and Swainson’s hawks can serve as sentinels for other avian spp, targeting feather pulp as substrate for viral detection by PCR.
Highest rate of infection mid-late summer, after human cases typically, so raptors are NOT a good early warning system for human WNV.
What were the most common causes of mortality found in a retrospective of raptor mortality in Ontario, Canada?
Smith, K. A., Campbell, G. D., Pearl, D. L., Jardine, C. M., Salgado-Bierman, F., & Nemeth, N. M. (2018). A retrospective summary of raptor mortality in Ontario, Canada (1991–2014), including the effects of West Nile Virus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 54(2), 261-271.
Trauma majority of deaths across all spp. Followed by emaciation, significantly higher in males.
Of infectious dz, WNV most common. Immature RTHA significantly greater odds of WNV infection. Deaths greater in summer and fall vs spring. RTHA and GHOs most common spp.
Toxicosis most commonly dx in BAEA (lead).
What was observed with fluoroscopic evaluation of GI transit times in RTHA with and without a hood?
Doss, G. A., Williams, J. M., & Mans, C. (2017). Contrast fluoroscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal transit times with and without the use of falconry hoods in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(9), 1064-1069.
Overall GI transit faster in RTHA vs psittacines. Ventricular contraction rate lower vs Amazon parrots.
Hood delayed crop emptying but otherwise no change in total transit time vs no hood.
Cardiac width in Bonelli’s eagles strongly correlated with what other measurements on rads?
Lopes, F., Jesus, S., Med, V., Márquez, I. L., Fernández, V. M., Nunes, T., … & González, F. G. (2019). Radiographic reference values for the cardiac silhouette in Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 33(1), 53-58.
Cardiac width in Bonelli’s eagles strongly correlated with sternal and thoracic widths.
In general, larger birds have proportionally smaller hearts.
What was observed in a retrospective study of femoral fx in birds of prey?
Vigneault, A., Fitzgerald, G., & Desmarchelier, M. (2021). A retrospective study of femoral fractures in wild birds of prey: 119 cases. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52(2), 564-572.
Femoral fx in birds < 1 kg mostly treated with single IM pin.
Femoral fx in larger birds treated with IM pin or EST IM pin tie in fixator.
Birds with a fibrous callous forming before surgery could be attempted, high surgical risk cases, and proximal fractures or nestlings all healed with conservative tx (cage rest).
Femur fracture is overall low prevalence vs antebrachial fx.
Birds with multiple fx bones or a comminuted femoral fx do not necessarily carry a poor prognosis.
IM pin - Stabilizes vs bending but not rotation or shearing.
ESF - More time consuming, can create iatrogenic fissures, premature loosening of pins may occur. Remove ASAP and allow bird to bear wt, but keep in place long enough for stabilization.
Among raptors with ulnar fractures, what factors were associated with better prognosis for release?
Vergneau-Grosset, C., Kapatkin, A. S., Paul-Murphy, J., Guzman, D. S. M., & Hawkins, M. G. (2019). Release rates and complications for birds of prey with antebrachial fractures at a veterinary teaching hospital. Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 33(4), 388-397.
Among birds with only ulnar fracture, closed fracture and fracture of middle third of the ulna significantly more likely to be released.
Of birds treated with external coaptation, decreased ROM main complication.
No difference in prognosis for birds tx surgically or conservatively. External coaptation and/or cage rest can be considered an appropriate therapeutic option for single radius or single ulnar fractures.
PT recommended starting 7-10 days after trauma - joint ankylosis occurred in both surgical and nonsurgical groups.
