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STEP1 > Rapid Review Classical Labs_Findings > Flashcards

Rapid Review Classical Labs_Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Lab/Diagnostic Finding

A

Diagnosis/Disease

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2
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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3
Q

Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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4
Q

Anti-glomeular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptys???)

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5
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid , phenytoin, procainamide)

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6
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumtoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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7
Q

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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8
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Vaculitis (c-ANCA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener’s]; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg- Strauss syndrome)

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9
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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10
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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11
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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12
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celic disease (diarrhea, distension, weight loss)

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13
Q

“Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left sided)

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14
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myleoblasts

A

Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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15
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Senstive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A); resistant: Streptococcucs agalactiae (group B)

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16
Q

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammtory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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17
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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18
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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19
Q

Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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20
Q

“Boot-shaped” heart on x-ray

A

Tetrology of Fallot, RVH

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21
Q

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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22
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s syndrome)

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23
Q

“Brown” tumor

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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24
Q

Cadiomegaly witg apical atrophy

A

Chagas’ disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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25
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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26
Q

“Chocolate cyst”of ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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27
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibirls

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

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28
Q

Colonies of mucoid Psuedomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal-recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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29
Q

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

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30
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)

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31
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder; rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia

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32
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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33
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

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34
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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35
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl’s eye” appearance of CMV

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36
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground- glass nuclei

A

“Orphan Annie’s eyes nuclei (pappillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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37
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)

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38
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson’s disease)

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39
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Concilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever

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40
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

A

Negri bodies of rabies (Lyssavirus)

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41
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)

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42
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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43
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surronding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

44
Q

“Hair on end” (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray

A

Beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)

45
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

46
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

47
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

48
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules

49
Q

High level of D-dimers (3)

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

50
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granlomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (Primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

51
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

52
Q

Hypercoagubility (leading to migrating DVTs an vasculitis)

A

Trousseau’s syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung

53
Q

Hypersegmented neurophils

A

Megloblasitic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

54
Q

Hyperstension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn’s syndrome

55
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia (3)

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)

56
Q

Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum (3)

A

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defect)

57
Q

Increased uric acid levels (5)

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

58
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

59
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (abestosis: Increased chance of mesothelioma)

60
Q

Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

61
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation

62
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

63
Q

Linear appeareance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

64
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

65
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)

66
Q

Lytic (“hole punched”) bone leisons on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

67
Q

Mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of breast

68
Q

Monoconol antibody spike (4)

A

(1) Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA); (2) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; (3) normal conseqence of aging); Waldenstrom’s (M protein = IgM) macrogloubulinemia; (4) Primary amyloidosis

69
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

70
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“String sign” (Crohn’s disease)

71
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Ganulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s; c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture’s sndrome (anti-basement membrane anibodies)

72
Q

Needle-shaped, negatvely birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

73
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

74
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

75
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

76
Q

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

77
Q

Optochin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae; resistant: Viridans streptococcus

78
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

79
Q

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

80
Q

Polished, “ivory like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

81
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

Neurofibillary tangles (Alzheimer’s disease) and Pick’s bodies (Pic’ks disease)

82
Q

Psammoma bodies (4)

A

Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

83
Q

Psuedopalisadng tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

84
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

85
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like cytoplsamic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

86
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

87
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

88
Q

Rib notching

A

Coartation of the aorta

89
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS (2)

A

Taxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

90
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, activation, associated with EBV; “black sky” made up of malignant cells)

91
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick’s disease: progreeive dmentia changes in personality)

92
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

93
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome like” subepithelial

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis( may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

94
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

95
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)

96
Q

“Tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

97
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

98
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

99
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

100
Q

Tram-track appearance of capillary loops ogf glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

101
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

102
Q

“Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

103
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

104
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

105
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Lupus nephropathy

106
Q

Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia (e.g. due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

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