Random questions

Question 1

1 Kg

Answer 1

2.2 lbs

Question 2

10% solution

Answer 2

1 mg/ml

Question 3

Acanthosis nigricans

Answer 3

hyperpigmented skin

Question 4

Achromotrichosis (pale hair coat)

Answer 4

occurs in copper deficiency as a result of the enzyme Tyrosinase not working properly. This enzyme converts L-tyrosine to melanin.

Question 5

Airway dilation action

Answer 5

Beta 2 adrenergic receptor

Question 6

Avoidance learning

Answer 6

when a behavior results in the cessation of an aversive stimulus. For example, holding your ears to shield them from a loud, high-pitched sound helps avoid the aversive stimulation of that obnoxious sound

Question 7

Balance sheet

Answer 7

a report on the financial condition of a company (assets, liabilities) at a specific point in time

Question 8

Blood volume

Answer 8

7-8% of BW

Question 9

Cachexia-wasting syndrome

Answer 9

loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight.

Question 10

Case-control study

Answer 10

also known as a retrospective study

Question 11

Cash flow statement

Answer 11

reports of cash (i.e. loans, collections) and uses of cash (i.e. purchasing inventory, paying off debt) over a period of time

Question 12

Cohort study

Answer 12

addresses the “temporality” of disease causation (exposure must precede disease), meaning that an exposure cannot be under consideration (hypothesized) as a causal factor unless it precedes the disease. This type of study first documents that a subject had been exposed, following initially only non-exposed subjects. The non-diseased subjects are followed to observe whether they become exposed, and then followed further over tie to observe disease. At the termination of the study, the risk of disease observes in the exposed cohort is compared to that for the non-exposed cohort, by use of relative risk and attributable risk.

Question 13

Converting % solution to mg/ml

Answer 13

100% = 1 g/ml so 50% = 500 mg/ml and 5% = 50 mg/lm

Question 14

Cross-sectional study

Answer 14

Compares two groups based on disease status and compare how they differ with respect to exposure status. There is no way to know whether exposure preceded disease.

Question 15

Cushing’s reflex to increase intracranial pressure

Answer 15

bradycardia and hypertension

Question 16

Dysphonia

Answer 16

difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.

Question 17

Electroretinogram

Answer 17

if abnormal, localizes lesion to the retina

Question 18

EPA

Answer 18

Responsible for pesticides and water standards

Question 19

External inguinal ring

Answer 19

external abdominal oblique ++

Question 20

Extinction behaviour

Answer 20

lack of any consequence following a behavior - when a behavior is inconsequential, producing neither favorable nor unfavorable consequences, it will occur less frequently.

Question 21

Extracellular Fluid Volume

Answer 21

(BW x 0.6) / 3 - 60% of weight is body fluid of which 30% is extracellular

Question 22

FDA

Answer 22

Regulated all other food (aside from meat and poultry products), including eggs themselves, seafood, food labels, and use of veterinary drugs.

Question 23

Foot and Mouth Disease

Answer 23

Affects sheep, pig, cow, goat (all cloven-hoofed animals), as well as bears, llamas, camels, and elephants. BUT NOT HORSES

Question 24

Glaucoma cause

Answer 24

usually due to decreased outflow of aqueous humour

Question 25

Goals of articular fracture repair

Answer 25

rigid, anatomic realignment, early return to function

Question 26

Holding layer of viscera

Answer 26

sub-mucosa

Question 27

Hypogastric nerves

Answer 27

responsible for the sympathetic innervation and parasympathetic innervation via the pelvic nerve

Question 28

Internal inguinal ring

Answer 28

Inguinal ligament, rectus abdominis, Internal abdominal oblique

Question 29

Marcus Gunn sign

Answer 29

pathognomic for diagnosis of a unilateral pre-chiasmal lesion, when light is directed at abnormal eye, normal eye stays dilated

Question 30

Negative Predictive Value

Answer 30

D/(D+C) x 100

Question 31

Negative punishment

Answer 31

also called punishment by contingent withdrawal. Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child’s toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus thereby increasing that behavior’s frequency. Ex. a loud noise continuously sounding until a lever is pressed, upon which the loud noise is removed, this will encourage the behavior of pressing the lever.

Question 33

Net Book Value

Answer 33

another name for the equity or the difference between assets and liabilities. This value is not necessarily the same as a practice’s current value.

Question 34

Noncontingent Reinforcement

Answer 34

the delivery of reinforcing stimuli regardless of the animal’s behavior. This causes that behavior to decrease because it is not required in order to receive the reward.

Question 35

Operant conditioning

Answer 35

use of consequences to modify the occurrence of a behavior. Ex. a dog that learned that begging behavior has previously been met with positive consequences (i.e. being fed or receiving attention)

Question 36

Ortolani sign

Answer 36

indicated joint laxity, during manipulation of the femur one may hear’feel a “clunk” which is actually subluxation of the coxofemoral joint. This test is important to perform in puppies in order to assess for hip dysplasia.

Question 37

Phthisis bulbi

Answer 37

a shrunken, non-functional eye. It may result from severe eye disease, inflammation, injury, or it may represent a complication of eye surgery.

Question 38

Positive Predictive Value

Answer 38

A/(A+B) x 100

Question 39

Profit and loss statement

Answer 39

sometimes called an income statement; a report of income and expenses over a period of time

Question 40

Pudendal nerve

Answer 40

supplies somatic innervation to the external sphincter of the bladder and also to striated muscle on the urethra.

Question 41

Retrospective study

Answer 41

Begins not with unexposed subjects but with diseased individuals (cases) that are compared with respect to exposure to a factor, using a comparison group of non-diseased subjects (controls). There is no observation over time.There is no way to know whether exposure preceded disease.

Question 42

Sensitivity

Answer 42

A/(A+C) x 100

Question 43

Specificity

Answer 43

D/(D+B) x 100

Question 44

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 44

commonly observes in critically ill animals and is associated with fever, tachycardia, and leukopenia (among other abnormal parameters). Interleukin 1 in most typically associated with SIRS. Through activation of other inflammatory cells, IL-1 causes tremendous amplification of the inflammatory response.

Question 45

Tarsorrhaphy

Answer 45

Treatment of choice for proptosis. In this procedure, the eyelids are pulled in front of the proptosed globe rather than pushing the eye in and then temporarily suturing the lids shut.

Question 46

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 46

A congenital defect of the heart which includes pulmonic stenosis, dextro-positioned aorta (over-riding), right ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular septal defect. It causes shunting of venous blood across the VSD into the arterial circulation which leads to hypoxemia, and an increased drive for erythropoiesis causing polycythemia. Affect animals tend to be underdeveloped in size and history or exercise intolerance, dyspnea, tachypnea, or syncope due to hypoxemia. Thoracic radiographs usually show a normal to mildly enlarged cardiac silhouette and right ventricular enlargement and pulmonary hypoperfusion due to the shunting of venous blood into the arterial circulation.

Question 47

Type I (aka immediate) hypersensitivity

Answer 47

Reactions occur when re-exposure of an antigen results in an allergic reaction. The antigen is presented and causes B cell production of IgE antibodies.

Question 48

Type II (aka cytotoxic( hypersensitivity

Answer 48

Occurs when an antigen on a cell surface binds with an antibody and is then recognized by the body as being foreign. The antigen on the cell may have been a normal feature of the cell of it may have been acquired, such as a drug binding to the cell.

Question 49

Type II (aka immune complex) hypersensitivity

Answer 49

Occurs when there are more antigens than there are antibodies. The antigens float around in the circulation and multiple antigens may bind one antibody, thus forming an immune complex. Large complexes can be cleared by macrophages, but smaller ones may evade the macrophages.

Question 50

Type IV (delayed type) hypersensitivity

Answer 50

Takes several days to occur and rather than being antibody-mediated, it is actually cell-mediated. Cytotoxic CD8+ cells and CDD4+ helper T cells recognize antigen that is in a complex with major histocompatibility complex 1 or 2. This results in proliferation and activation of the cells. Activated CD8+ T cells then destroy the antigen containing cells while activated macrophages release hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 51

USDA

Answer 51

THE USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is responsible for meat and poultry products including egg products, whereas the FDA regulated all other foods, including eggs themselves, seafood labels, and use of veterinary drugs.

Question 52

Whitten (leuck) effect

Answer 52

occurs when male pheromones stimulate synchronous estrus in a female population

Question 53

Xanthochromia

Answer 53

post hemorrhage yellow in CSF