Porcine Flashcards
How to treat Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
inject with enrofloxacin
This image shows ____ which can be caused by ___ or ____. You can differentiate the two with ___ because ___. In either case, you should treat the rest of the herd with ____.
This image shows polyserositis which can be caused by hemophilus parasuis (Glassers disease) or strep suis. You can differentiate the two with culture because H parasuis is fastidius whereas strep suis is not. Inject the rest of the pigs with ceftiofur.
Adenovirus causes diarrhea in what age pigs?
diarrhea and GI disease in piglets
Ascaris suum is a _____ primarily found in the _____ of pigs. With a high enough burden, ____ may occur. Ascaris suum can also migrate into the bile ducts and cause _____, through the _____ causing ____ on necropsy, and into the ___ causing the clinical sign ___. This is also known as ____ pnuemonia which is not responsive to ____. It typically affects outdoor ____ age pigs. It can be treated with ______.
Ascaris suum is a nematode, primarily found in the small intestine of pigs. If there is a large enough burden of the worms, they can cause obstruction of the intestine. They can migrate into the bile ducts causing icterus, through the liver causing fibrosis or “white spots” aka “milk spots.” and into the lungs causing pulmonary edema and abdominal breathing or “thumps.” This is also known as verminous pneumonia which is not responsive to antibiotics. It typically affects outdoor growing/finishing swine due to high environmental contamination. Treatment; Piperazine preparations have low toxicity and are moderately priced. The benzimidazoles and probenzimidazoles, dichlorvos, ivermectin, doramectin, and pyrantel are effective and have a broader spectrum of activity than piperazine.
Atrophic rhinitis (AR) is caused by ______ and _______. This is a disease of _____ pigs due to transmission from ____. The best way to eliminate AR is _____.
AR is aused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida type D. This is a disease of young pigs, due to transmission from the sow just after birth. Best way to control/eliminate AR is to select breeding stock that is negative for AR. Antibiotic treatment and flunixin will not reverse the condition and will probably not have any effects when nasal deviation is already present. If problem severe throughout herd, depopulation and restocking is an option. Can vaccinate with bacterin vaccines or purchase genetic stock free of AR
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the cause of _____ in what age pigs?
Swine Dysentery - grower/finish pigs - diarrhea
Brachyspira pilosicoli causes ______
associated with spirochaetal colitis
Commercial US herds are free of this disease however feral swine may be carriers. Most infected animals appear healthy but may have ____ at any stage of ____.
Commercial herds in US are free, by feral swine have tested positive for Burcella suis. Often occurs in healthy appearing animals, abortions occur at any stage in gestation. There are usually few fetal or placental lesions, but the fetus may by autolyzed.
Classical Swine Fever
Aka Hog Cholera. Considered a foreign animal disease in the U.S. Pestivirus from the family Flaviviridae. Animals exposed to BVD (does not usually cause disease in pigs, but pigs exposed to the virus seroconvert) can cross-react to CSF assay.
Colibacillosis is caused by ______ usually in what age pigs?
Enteric E. coli; most common in pigs less than 5 days old but can occur in pigs 1-14 days or in the two weeks after weaning
The cause of Edema disease is ____ and it typically affects ____
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (F18), fatal disease of rapid growing weaners pigs
Enterotoxigenic E. coli produces ____ which causes destruction of _____. This pathogen typically affects _____ age pigs and may cause ____ in vital organs. Clinically this is seen as _____. Sick animals are treated with ____ and the herd is treated with _____ in the water.
Enterotoxigenic E Coli produces a heat stable toxin called Shiga toxin 2e which destroys endothelial cells in small vessels. This pathogen typically affects weaner pigs and causes edema in vital organs. Presentation: weaner pigs with anorexia, diarrhea, and edema of the eyelids, forehead and lips, dyspnea and open-mouthed breathing, some weak and circling. Do not have fever. Treatment: Ceftiofur in sick animals and gentamicin in the water
Eperythrozoonosis is caused by _______ which is a _____ of ____ cells. It is often associated with hemolytic anemia, fever, icterus and reproductive failure. You may see a large ____ on necropsy. Diagnosis is by ____. The treatment of choice is _____. This disease can be prevented by controlling ____ and fomite transmission.
Eperythrozoonosis is caused by mycoplasma suis which is a obligate intracellular parasite of red blood cells. It is often associated with hemolytic anemia, fever, icterus and reproductive failure. You may see a large spleen on necropsy. Diagnosis is by blood smear or serology. The treatment of choice is oxytetracycline in feed. The disease can be prevented by controlling lice and fomite transmission.
_______ can cause sudden death and non pruritic, flat purple skin lesions. There may also be _____-itis, ____-itis or abortion. It is treated with ______.
Erysipelas / Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; diamond-shaped skin lesions + endocarditis, arthritis and abortion; treated with penicillin
Exudative Epidermitis is also called ____ pig disease and is caused by _______.
“Greasy pig disease” caused by bacteria Staphylococcus hyicus
Fasciola hepatica
liver fluke - parasitic trematode, snail intermediate host (Galba truncatula), Oxfendazole treatment
Glasser’s Disease aka poly-____ is caused by ______ which is a gram-_____, __[shape]__. It is an acute disease initiated by stress and may cause _____ (6 clinical signs). Postmortem lesions include ____. What age pigs are most commonly affected? If you identify an outbreak you should ____\
Glasser’s disease aka polyserositis is caused by Glasserella (Haemophilus) parasuis, gram-negative pleomorphic fastidious bacteria. Acute disease characterized by high fever, swollen joints, severe coughing, abdominal breathing, CNS signs and sudden death. Lesions show fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Meningitis is usually responsible for the cause of neurologic signs and seizures. This disease most commonly affects piglets from 2 weeks to 4 months of age.
Morbidity and mortality is high. If you identify an outbreak, inject all pigs with ceftiofur.
Treatment: inject pigs with penicillin, ceftiofur or other. Vaccine other pigs.
This disease causes dark, greasy, brown skin lesions in the axilla, groin, head, and face.
Greasy pig disease aka exudative dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus hyicus.
Haematopinnus suis
louse
Glasserella (Haemophilus) parasuis is the causative agent of ______
bacteria “glassers” Characterised by sudden death but can often also lead to painful joints, pneumonia, and occasionally neurologic signs. Lesions show fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Meningitis is usually responsible for the cause of neurologic signs and seizures. Most commonly affects piglets from 2 weeks to 4 months of age.
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS)
This condition results in sudden death in growing and finishing pigs. Affected animals found dead are characterized by a pale, distended carcass. Necropsy reveals that the entire intestinal tract has a severely congested, thin-walled appearance.
The cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is unknown. Predisposing factors may include vigorous exercise, handling, fighting, piling, or irregular feeding. Highly fermentable rations, particularly if fed in liquid form, may increase the incidence of disease.
Isospora suis causes _____ in ___ age pigs. It can be treated with
Isospora suis causes coccidiosis (diarrhea) in neonatal pigs 5-15 days of age. Piglet neonates pick up infected sporulated oocysts from a contaminated environment. Affected piglets develop diarrhea varying from creamy, pasty consistency or whitish feces to profuse watery yellowish diarrhea. Those infected are thinner than their counterparts of the same age and remain thin and hairy for several weeks. Severely affected piglets die, with mortality rates up to 20% in indoor and outdoor systems. Several anti-coccidial agents can be considered although efficacy may vary; ponazuril, Sulfamethazine, amprolium, and decoquinate. Agents reduce parasite burdens and shedding, but are infrequently completely effective at eradicating the parasite.
Lameness differentials for young pigs
Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Streptococcus suis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Haemophilus parasuis
Lawsonia intracellularis causes ____ of ____ pigs. Notably it is a ____ organism.
a proliferative enteritis of grower/finisher pigs - intracellular organism
Leptospirosis
most important problem: reproductive failure. Acute leptospirosis in young pigs causes fever, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and failure to grow. Chronic infections in dam cause reproductive failure as late term abortions, mummies, or weak piglets that die in a few days. Dams usually recover, conceive again, and carry their litters to full term.
Treatment: Tetracylines
Metastrongylus spp.
lungworm - earth worms intermediate host
Microsporum nanum
dermatophyte - ringworm in pig
Mycoplasma hyonoviae
bacteria causes arthritis and it typically seen in older pigs
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is found in _____ pigs while M hyosynoviae is found in __ pigs. Both cause ___-itis and are diagnosed with __.
Diagnosed by PCR. can cause arthritis in swine and is found in younger pigs while M. hyosynoviae is found in older pigs. Mycoplasmas are difficult to culture and require special media, PCR testing is a more sensitive and quicker technique.
Mycoplasma hyponeumonia makes the lungs more susceptible to other bacterial infections by _____
attaching to and disrupt pulmonary mucociliary apparatus and thus preventing it from functioning properly.
Mycoplasma suis causes
Causes Eperythrozoonosis.
Oesophagostomum ssp
nematode, susceptible to avermectin and piperazine
found in lumen of large intestine
Most infections are asymptomatic, but heavily infected pigs may show anorexia, emaciation, and GI disturbances
“Blue eye” is caused by a
Paramyxovirus
Parvovirus infection in ____ is usually ____. The most consistent sign of infection is when ____. Other signs may include mummified fetuses, weak piglets, small liters or still births. ____ are rare because the ____ is not affected, so there is no ____ released.
Parvovirus infections in gilts usually results in an inapparent infection. Bred gilts returning to heat most consistent sign. A transient leukopenia may occur, but the first noticed sign is usually the return to heat of a bred gilt. This is likely due to embryo resorption. Other signs may include mummified fetuses, weak piglets, small litters, or still births. Abortions are rare because the endometrium is not affected, so there is no PGF2-alpha released.
Picronavirus is a ____ upper respiratory virus
non-enveloped upper respiratory virus
The treatment for pityriasis rosea is____
non-contagious, unknown etiology, resolves on its own
Do not need to treat
Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD)is caused by ____ and is characterized by____ . Disease often occurs in the pigs ____ weeks old, although the disease can be also seen in older or younger pigs. Morbidity is typically ____ and mortality is up to ____ . In addition to death loss, this disease may cause ____ resulting in economic loss. The other clinical signs include____ . Risk factors for PCVAD include ____. The diagnosis requires____ . Control of PCVAD is achieved with _____.
Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD)is caused by PCV-2 and is characterized by overt weight loss. Disease often occurs in the pigs 8-18 weeks old, although the disease can be also seen in older or younger pigs. Morbidity is typically 5-20% and mortality is up to 50% . In addition to death loss, this disease may cause a substantial increase in time to market weight resulting in economic loss. The other clinical signs include growth retardation, wasting, dyspnea, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, jaundice, diarrhea and sometimes fever. Risk factors for PCVAD include comingled age groups, poor air flow, overcrowding and poor air quality . The diagnosis requires three parts:
1. At least a doubling of mortality (clinical history).
2. Demonstration of lymphoid depletion (histopathology).
3. High number of PCV2 antigen in the lesion (immunohistochemistry on tissue).
Control is achieved with vaccination.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) can be diagnosed by testing _______ with ______
Test affected sows for virus via serum PCR. Sow usuallys abort shortly after infection and should still be viremic.
Proliferative enteropathy (PHE) is caused by ____. On necropsy you may find ___ in the intestines.
PHE is caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Due to its acute nature, PHE does not always allow for gross evidence of proliferation. Red clotted blood in the intestines is almost pathognomonic for this condition.
pseudorabies aka _____ disease or _____ is a ____ virus. ____ are the natural reservoir. The virus primarily affects the ___ and ____ systems. Affected neotnates show ___ signs and morbidity is up to ____.Sometimes affected neonates are called ____ because of the clinical signs of ___-litis. Weaned pigs have ____ and ____ signs, and mortality is ____. Grower and finisher pigs get primarily ____ signs. Breeding pigs may have ____. Commercial swine herds in the US are ____ of psuedorabies.
psuedorabies aka “Aujeszky’s disease” or Mad Itch is a herpes virus. Pigs are the natural reservoir. The virus primarily affects the brain and respiratory system. Clinical signs vary by age. Young neonates show CNS signs (anorexia, tremors, incoordination, blindness) and morbidity is up to 100%. Sometimes affected neonates are called “shaker pigs” because of the clinical signs of encephalitis. Weaned pigs have respiratory and CNS signs, mortaility is lower. Grower and finisher pigs get primarily respiratory signs (coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge). Breeding pigs may have reproductive failure. There is no tx but the vaccine has eradicated it from commercial swine in the US.
Rotavirus causes ____ in ____ pigs, but typically in pigs _____.
gray, pasty feces with poorly digested feed in any age pig, but typically from 1-5 weeks of age
Salmonella enterica (formerly choleraesuis) can cause ______ diarrhea and subsquent ____
yellow, liquid diarrhea with flecks of nectrotic tissue, rectal strictures
Samonella typhimirin is associated with ____ in the colon
associated with button ulcers in the colon
Spirochaetal colitis is caused by _____ and typically causes diarrhea _____ (timing). The prognosis is ____. You may want to rule out _____
diarrhea 2-6 weeks post-weaning. Last 7-10 days but some become chronic.
No diagnosis but want to rule out ileitis (Lawsonia intracellularis)
Stephanurus dentatus aka the ____ worm can use the ____ as its intermediate host. It is diagnosed by finding ____ in the ____ because these worms live in the ____, _____ or _____. If the worms migrate along the ____, the clinical signs of ___ and ___ may be apparent.
kidney worm, earthworm intermediate host
Diagnosis by finding ova on urinalysis. The parasites are often in or near the kidney, in the ureters, or in perirenal fat. Posterior ataxia or paralysis can occur due to larvae migrating along the spinal cord. Diagnosis is usually made on necropsy of by finding ova in the urine.
Streptococcus suis typically affects _____. Clinical signs include _____ but generally not colitis. It can look similar to ____ disease.
Infections usually affect nursing or recently weaned pigs. Clinical signs can be associated with polyarthritis, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis. Morbidity and mortality vary greatly and are improved with treatment. Presentation is similar to glasser’s disease (haemophilus parasuis).
Stronguloides ransomi
threadworm in pigs, transmitted in colostrum, susceptible to ivermectin and benzimidazoles.
Reside in the small intestine of suckling piglets. Pigs may not show any clinical signs with only light infections. Heavy infection can cause diarrhea, anemia, emaciation, and death. Diagnosis can be made by fecal flotation, by an intestinal mucosal scraping, or necropsy.
____ causes 1-2 cm round papules, pustules, vesicles, and scabs on the ventral abdomen. This disease most often affects _____ pigs. It is transmitted by _____. Treatment is _____ unless _____.
Swine Pox causes 1-2 cm round papules, pustules, vesicles, and scabs on the ventral abdomen. Young and growing pigs most severely affected. Often transmitted by biting insects, particularly lice. Treatment is usually not required unless lesions become secondarily infected.
Transmissible Gastroenteritis is caused by a ____ and results in diarrhea with _____. Mortality can be up to 100% in pigs _____ days of age if it is a ____-zootic infection. The treatment is _____.
TGE is caused by a Coronavirus and results in diarrhea with undigested curds of milk. Mortality can be up to 100% in pigs less than 10 days of age if it is a epizootic infection. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Trichinella spiralis is a _____ parasited transmitted via ____.
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode parasite transmitted via ingestion of encysted larvae in muscle (rodents, raw garbage, or cannibalism). This nematode can infect most mammals. Humans can get infection from eating inadequately cooked pork.
Trichuris suis aka _____ affects ____ pigs. It typically causes ______. The treatment is ____.
whipworm found in the cecum and large intestine, clinical signs of loose stool with mucous and some blood in finishing pigs. Causes hemorrhagic to mucohemorrhagic enteritis. Susceptible to avermectin or piperazine.
Vesicular exanthema affects pigs and also ____. It is indistinguishable from ____ and ____.
also affects sea lions
Currently only a concern among California pig farms, indistinguishable from FMD and Vesicular stomatitis
Transmission from seafood, once on farm, transmission via pig to pig contact
Vesicular stomatitis is a ____-virus that infects ____, ____ and _____. It is clinically indifferent from _____.
Rhabdovirus, infects insects, cattle, horses and pigs.
Clinically indifferent from FMD
No treatment, rely on biosecurity
Vitamin A deficiency can lead to _____ in young pigs and _____ in sows
A shortage in the diet can lead to head tilt, incoordination, reduced weight gains, and weak rear limbs in young pigs, especially an increase in middle ear infections, as also seen in turtles. In sows, it can cause embryonic mortality and congenital defects in their offspring.
Zearalenone is the most common cause of ____ ovarian disease in pigs.
Mycotoxin that can be found in feed. Causes prolonged heat cycles due to high estrogens and is most common cause of cystic ovarian disease.
Clostridium perfrigens type C, isospora suis and rotavirus infections all commonly cause diarrhea in __[age group]____ pigs, but uncommonly in ___[age group]__ pigs.
Clostridium perfrigens type C, isospora suis and rotavirus infections all commonly cause diarrhea in __young and nursing____ pigs, but uncommonly in ___growers and finishers__ .
Salmonella _____ and _____ can affect any age pig but causes diarrhea more commonly in ____ pigs.
Salmonella typhimurium (rectal strictures) and enterica (chloeraesuis; button ulcers); Older (growing and finishing)
African Swine Fever (ASF) is transmitted by ______
Soft ticks (ornithodorus spp)
The most concerning differential for Bluetongue is ____
Foot and Mouth disease
The vector of Bluetongue is _____ which mainly breeds during _____
culicoides spp; late summer
List the major causes of diarrhea in nursing/suckling (unweaned) and early post-weaned pigs (7 causes)
- Clostridium perfrigens type A or C (1-7 days piglets, bloody)
- Clostridium difficile (1-2 day piglets, yellow to watery)
- E coli (most common cause of diarrhea in piglets <5 days old, can happen in 1-14 day piglets and again in first two weeks post weaning, watery to brown diarrhea, pH >8)
- TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis, a coronarvius, affects all ages, undigested milk in nursing pig intestines)
- Coccidia (Isospora suis, 5-15 day old, acidic feces)
- Rotavirus (all ages)
- Hypoglycemia
Pathologic lesions of this disease include dark red small intestines with hemorrhage in piglets 1-7 days of age. ____ type of this disease is nearly 100% fatal. It can be prevented by ____
Clostridium perfringens type C; prevention via vaccination of sows or prophylactic tx with bacitracin or penicilin
The most common cause of diarrhea in piglets less than 5 days of age is
E coli
Intestinal coccidiosis occurs in pigs at age ____ . It is diagnosed by demonstration of _____ and is treated with ___ or ____
Intestinal coccidiosis occurs in pigs at age 5-15 days . It is diagnosed by demonstration of oocysts in feces and is treated with sulfamethazine or ponazuril
Bloody diarrhea in piglets <1 week is caused by ___ or ___ whereas in growers/finishers it it can be caused by ____
Bloody diarrhea in piglets <1 week is caused by Clostridium perfringens type C or type A. In growers/finishers hemorrhagic diarrhea can be caused by brachyspira hyodysenteriae (swine dysentry), lawsonia intracellularis (proliferative enteritis) or trichuris suis (whipworms)
The most common causes of diarrhea in growers/finishers are ___(name 5)
- Lawsonia intracellularis (proliferative enteritis/ilietis, fibrinonecrotic casts passed in feces, tx tylosin and tiamulin, prevent with MLV vaccine)
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (swine dysentery, large bowel diarrhea with blood, tx incomycin, tylosin and tiamulin)
- Trichuris suis (whipworms, double-operculated eggs on float, hemorrhagic diarrhea, tx dichlorvos or fenbendazole)
- Ascaris suum (roundworm, ascarid eggs, intestinal obstruction, white spots in liver, lung migration-> abdominal breathing aka thumps, ascarid eggs in feces)
- Salmonella (younger -> septicemia, older -> fever and yellow diarrhea +/- rectal strictures, tx neomyucin or nitrofurazones)
____ causes proliferative enteritis/ilietis in _____ pigs, leading to diarrhea that may be hemorrhagic. It is treated with ______ and can be prevented with a ____ vaccine.
Lawsonia intracellularis causes proliferative enteritis/ilietis in weaned or older pigs, tx tylosin and tiamulin, prevent with MLV vaccine)
You find this on a fecal float of a grower/finisher pig with hemorrhagic diarrhea. What is the organism? How do you treat it?
Trichuris suis (whipworm); dichlorvos or benzimidazoles
This is ___ and can be treated with _____ which is also the drug for ____. Other treatment options are ____. These treatments reduce parasite burdens and shedding but don’t compeltely eradicate the parasite.
isospora suis; ponazuril, EPM (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis). Other tx options are sulfamethazine, amprolium and decoquinate.
