Diagnostics Flashcards
What percentage of Avian blood volume can you take?
Safe to take 1% or BW
Base deficit formula
0.3 or 0.4 x BW x Deficit
Blood lactate reflects….
Reflects anaerobic metabolism. Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis and is also converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions.
CHEM of a cat with upper GI obstruction
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
Chediak-Higaski Syndrome is a type of
type of thrombocytopathy
Chylothorax is diagnosed by measuring —-
triglyceride content higher in effusion than that of serum. Presence of chylomicrons, cholesterol content greater than or equal to serum, and a positive ether clearance test are also supportive of chylothorax
Circulating life span of cat red blood cell
68-70 Days
Circulating life span of cow red blood cell
160 days
Circulating life span of dog platelet cell
5-7 days
Circulating life span of dog red blood cell
110 Days
Circulating life span of dog white blood cell
5-9 hours
Circulating life span of horse red blood cell
145
Circulating life span of human red blood cell
120 Days
Circulating life span of pig red blood cell
86
Circulating life span of sheep red blood cell
150
Cyclic hematopeiesis
type of thrombocytopathy
Delta-granule
type of thrombocytopathy
End point of Warfarin Therapy
Prothrombin time of 1.5-2x normal
Heinz body anemia is characterized by the presence of ____ on morphology
Schistocytes - shear injury - ex. ruptured splenic mass
Hemophilia A is caused by ____ and diagnosed by _____
Caused by a deficiency in Factor VIII and diagnosed by prolonged ACT and APTT. The disease commonly affects dogs and cats and mostly only males, since it is an X-linked recessive trait. Females with the gene for the disease are usually unaffected carriers unless they were the offspring of an affected male and a carrier female. Treatment of choice to stop a bleeding event is fresh plasma or frozen plasma.
high HCO3
metabolic alkalosis
high PaCO2
respiratory acidosis or hypoventialtion
high-dose dexamethasone suppression test
used when the patient has been confirmed with Cushing’s disease by means of the low dose test, but the low dose test has not clearly differentiated the type of Cushing’s disease that is present.
A reduction in cortisol levels at 4 and/or 8 hours after either dose of dexamethasone, then we have diagnosed pituitary origin Cushing’s disease. If the levels don’t budge from the high values of the pre-injection sample, then the diagnosis is adrenal origin.
Hyperadrenocorticism CHEM findings
low BUN secondary to increased diuresis that occurs with elevated cortisol levels. ALT increase due to swelling hepatocytes. ALP increases due to a steroid induced isoenzyme. Mild cholestasis due to swelling of hepatocytes also contributes to minor part of the increase in ALP. Cholesterol is elevated in up to 90% of hyperadrenocorticism cases.
Llama have ____ erythrocytes
oval, anuclear erythrocytes
low HCO3 with a with a low pH
metabolic acidosis
low PaCO2 with a high pH
respiratory alkalosis or hyperventilation
low-dose dexamethasone suppression test is used to _____
used to screen for the presence of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease) - 90% of dogs with Cushing’s with have cortisol levels aboveo 1.4ug/dl at 8 hours. In some cases the LDDS test can help differentiate PDH and ADH. In ADH there will be no decrease in plasma cortisol (exogenous cortisol won’t stop a cortisol-secreting tumor). In PDH, 60% of dogs have a decrease in plasma cortisol to <50% of basal cortisol at the 4 hour mark (exogenous cortisol has some effect on remaining normal pituitary tissue).
P2Y12 Receptor Mutations
type of thrombocytopathy
Scott Syndrome
type of thrombocytopathy
septic peritoneal effusion
concentration difference >20 mg/dL between blood and peritoneal fluid glucose concentration (peritoneal fluid being less than blood)
Storage Pool Disease
type of thrombocytopathy
Stress leukogram
Mild neutrophilia along with lymphopenia and monocytosis.
Test for selenium deficiency
Glutathione peroxidase: activity of this enzyme is very low in selenium-deficient animals resulting in free radical damage.
Type 1 Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia
type of thrombocytopathy
Von Willebrands
Genetic in Doberman Pinchers
pre-treat with desmopressin for operations
Hypoadrenocorticism CHEM findings
Classic laboratory finding includes hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, azotemia, anemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, and of course a low resting cortisol level or low ACTH stimulation test result.
Circulating life span of avian red blood cell
28-45 days
Extrahepatic biliary obstruction
A decrease in bile will result in less absorption of Vitamin K which results in decrease availability of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. To detect the abnormality, a prothrombin times (PT) may be recommended as factor VII has the shortest half-life and PT will thus be prolonged.
Template Bleeding Time (TBT)
test that determines the functional ability of platelets to plug a minute wound
Buccal mucosal bleeding test
test that determines the functional ability of platelets to plug a minute wound
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) assesses ____
the instrinsic and common pathways (2ndary hemostasis)
Prothrombin Time (PT)
the extrinsic and common pathways - II, V, X, (2ndary hemostasis)
Major cross match
donor red blood cells vs. recipient plasma
Antithrombin activity
Sometimes measured when DIC is a concern but is not used to evaluate platelet function
Minor cross match
donor plasma vs. recipient cells
Uroperitoneum in foal electrolyte imbalances
Hyperkalemia, Hyponatremia, Hypochloremia
How quickly should a urine sediment be evaluated after collection if looking for pyuria?
Within one hour
What is xanthocrhomia and what is the significance of xanthochromia on a CSF tap?
Evidence of prior hemorrhage. Xanthochromia is the yellow discoloration seen for at least a week after bleeding in the CSF.
What chem abnormalities would be seen with a uroabdomen?
azotemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia hyperkalemia.
How many blood groups do the follow species have? Dogs, cats, cows, horses, sheep, goats
Dogs: 8
Cats: 3
Cows: 11
Horses: 7
Sheep: 7
Goats: 5
What biochemical abnormalities are seen with lily toxicosis in cats?
Due to renal failure and deceased GFR we see azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, isosthenuria
A direct fecal saline smear is used to visualize ______, fecal float (+/- centrifugation) is used to see _______, and fecal sedimentation reveals _____. The baerman assay recovers ______. Heat fixed fecal stain can be used to see ________.
- Direct fecal saline smear is used to visual trophozoites of protozoa (giardia, tritrichomonas).
- Fecal float +/- centrifugation are used to identify coccidia oocysts (cystoisospora, sarcocystis, etc) and the eggs of nematodes (ancylostoma, toxocara, trichuris) and cestodes (echinococcus, taenia).
- Fecal sedimentation reveals heavier eggs of trematodes (ie nanophyetus salmincola and alaria spp), cestodes and some nematodes
- The baerman assay recovers motile nematode larvae such as lungworm and strongyloides.
- dry or heat fixed direct smear are used uncommonly to visualize certain yeast or bacterial populations
Suppurative means _____, granulomatous means ____ and pyogranulomatous means _______.
Suppurative means primarily non-degenerate neutrophils, granulomatous means primarily mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells) and pyogranulomatous is a mixed population.
Microfilariae in the peripheral blood can be either ____ or ____
Acanthocheilonema reconditum or dirofilaria immitis
Aminocarproic acid facilitates clot stabilization by ____
inhibiting fibrinolysis (inhibits activation of plasminogen to plasmin)
What are the instrinct pathway factors?
12, 11, 9, 8
Intrinsic Pathway: I shop at Wal-Mart because everything is under $12.
It is always $11.98. (Factors 12,11,9,8)
Which are the extrinsic pathway factors?
III (tissue factor) and VII
Which are the common pathway factors?
2 (prothrombin), 5, 1 (fibrinogen), 10
Which are the vitamin K dependent factors? Which has the shortest half life?
II, VII, IX, and X - VII has the shortest half life
What is the ACT test? What pathways does it test for?
Activated Clotting Time - tests fibrin clot formation on fresh whole blood. Tests intrinsic and common pathways. ACT is prolonged if any of the factors involved drop to less than 25% of
normal concentration. Normal time is between 60-90 seconds
What does PTT stand for? What sample do you need for the test? What pathway does it test?
activated partial thromboplastin time; This tests the intrinsic and common pathways. More sensitive than ACT. Essentially the term ‘partial’ means Phospholipid is present but no Tissue Factor, and at the time it was made it was supposed to measure the complex of factors that converts prothrombin to thrombin. In reality it measures VIII, IX, XI and XII and can also be used for II, V and X. It is performed on citrated plasma. Platelet poor plasma [PPP] is incubated at 37°C then phospholipid (cephalin) and a contact activator (e.g. Kaolin, micronized silica or ellagic acid) are added. This leads to the conversion of Factor XI [FXI] to FXIa but the remainder of the pathway is not activated as no calcium is present. The addition of calcium (pre-warmed to 37°C) initiates clotting and the timer is started. The APTT is the time taken from the addition of calcium to the formation of a fibrin clot.
What is the PT test? Why is it named that? What sample do you need for the test? What pathway does it test?
Prothrombin time. Named because it was meant to measure prothrombin (factor II), but it actually also measures V, VII and X. Done on citrated plasma and you add tissue factor (factor III). Tests the extrinsic and common pathways.
Describe the diagnostic test results seen with DIC
thrombocytopenia, increased PT and PTT, increased D-dimers, decreased fibrinogen, decreased antithrombin 3, shistocytes on RBC morphology
How would a coagulation panel look for a patient with rodenticide toxicity??
Elevated PT and PTT
Prothrombin is also known as factor ____ and thrombin is factor _____
prothrombin is factor II and thrombin is IIa
fibrinogen is factor ____ and fibrin ia factor ___
I and Ia
Any type of hemophilia affects the ____ pathway so the ____ would be prolonged and the ___ would be normal.
Affects the instrinsic pathway (VII, IX, XI, XII) so the PTT would be prolonged and the PT would be normal.
