Random: Psych/Soc Flashcards
Identity Shift Effect
a form of peer pressure.
when an individuals internal state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, this causes internal conflict (bc their behavior is outside normal character) and to eliminate this, they conform
Cognitive Dissonance
the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions, leading to internal discomfort – may manifest as anxiety, fear, anger, confusion
respond by minimizing discomfort by change, adding to, or minimizing one of the dissonant thoughts
Comparative Pessimism
arises in someone who believes they are worse off, or that they have a higher risk than others
Group Polarization vs. Groupthink
Group Polarization: extreme opinions made by a group (that originally had similar ideas, and them talking causes stronger views)
Groupthink: everyone agrees with the group for the sake of harmony
Hit/miss, false alarm/correct negative theory is called
Signal Detection Theory
Involuntary motor movement, common in Parkinson’s is the destruction of what brain structure?
Basal ganglia, degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantial negra
Authentic, ideal, tactical self
Impression management, self-presentation
Vision acuity is due to what structure in the eye
fovea: high density of cones present at the center of the MACULA of the retina
Cerebellum vs. cerebrum
Cerebellum:
Cerebrum: largest part, both R and L hemispheres. higher functions (tough, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, fine control of movement)
Where does the brain meet the spinal cord
at the Hindbrain
Difference between proactive and reactive social movements
- Proactive Movements: promote social change
- Reactive Movements: resist social changes
Ego-Syntonic
Person perceives their behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals = Personality Disorders
(all other psychological disorders are ego-dystonic = see their illness as something thrust upon them)
Pathway for Addiction
ventral tegmental area (midbrain) initiates dopamine signals (in mesolimbic reward pathway), nucleus accumbens receives these dopamine signals – medial forebrain bundle connects the two
Weak ties versus strong ties
Particularly in communities
Strong ties: quantitatively small, qualitatively powerful
Weak ties: quantitatively large, qualitatively small
social capital access is highly dependent on weak ties
Neural crest vs. Neural tube
neural crest: forms dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment producing cells) and calcitonin producing cells of the thyroid, the cells at the leading edge of the neural fold form the PNS
Neural tube: responsible for the formation of the CNS
defect in the Neural Tube
especially during embryonic development will result in anencephaly
neural folds grow toward one another to fuse neural tube
Social networks create two types of social inequality
- situational (socioeconomic advantage)
2. Positional (how connected one is within/centrality)
Central vs. Peripheral Route Processing
central - deep thinking, scrutinize the purpose, meaning
peripheral - those that focus on the superficial details (person delivering the argument, catch phrases, slogans)
elaboration likelihood model
separates individuals along a continuum on how they process persuasive information
Incongruence
gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self
Retina vs. Cornea
retina: detects light rays and converts them into signals for the brain to process (containing photoreceptors rods and cones) – this signal/energy eventually becomes an action potential
Cornea: gathers and focuses incoming light
Monocular Cues vs. Binocular cues
cues: referred to cognitive appraisal
Monocular cues: relative size, interposition, aerial perspective, linear perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax
Binocular cues: stereopsis and convergence
Thymine Dimer
UV Radiation cross-linking adjacent thymines
Increasing Membrane Fluidity
will lower the melting point, cholesterol and unsaturated lipids
effect of trans glycerophospholipids on membrane fluidity
decreases fluidity, increasing melting point
What three things rely on glucose from the blood to survive
Red blood cells
brain
pancreas
GLUT-4
only insulin responsive glucose transporter
in adipose and muscle tissue: mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
also stimulated in skeletal and cardiac muscle by exercise via an insulin independent pathway
What three things is Pyruvate converted to?
- Acetyl CoA (for citric acid cycle, via pyruvate dehydrogenase)
- lactate (during fermentation, via lactated dehydrogenase)
- oroxaloacetate (gluconeogenesis, via pyruvate carboxylase)
Four amino acids that can be phosphorylated
In eukaryotes (due to OH group): Serine (S) Threonine (T) Tyrosine (Y) In prokaryotes: Histidine (H)
Amino Acids that can only donate H
Arginine (R)
Lysine (K)
Tryptophan (W)
Amino acids that can only accept H
Aspartic acid (D) Glutamic acid (E)
Amino acids that can both donate and accept H
Asparagine (N) Glutamine (Q) Histidine (H) Serine (S) Threonine (T) Tyrosine (Y)
32P and 35S
32P Isotope: incorporated into DNA
35S Isotope: incorporated into protein
Blood-Brain Barrier cell junctions
tight junctions are intercellular junctions, preventing movement of solutes within the space between adjacent cells (endothelial cells)
Limitation of the preoperational stage
Piaget’s stages
Preoperational = 5 years
presumed to be limited by egocentrism
Emotional arousal and impact on memory
high emotional arousal tends to increase central aspect memory while decreasing peripheral aspect memory
NMDA
subtype of a glutamate receptor
How does atrophy develop?
due to lower motor neuron disfunction
Flynn Effect
marked increase in IQ scores in new generations over time
