Random: Psych/Soc

Question 1

Identity Shift Effect

Answer 1

a form of peer pressure.
when an individuals internal state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, this causes internal conflict (bc their behavior is outside normal character) and to eliminate this, they conform

Question 2

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 2

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions, leading to internal discomfort – may manifest as anxiety, fear, anger, confusion
respond by minimizing discomfort by change, adding to, or minimizing one of the dissonant thoughts

Question 3

Comparative Pessimism

Answer 3

arises in someone who believes they are worse off, or that they have a higher risk than others

Question 4

Group Polarization vs. Groupthink

Answer 4

Group Polarization: extreme opinions made by a group (that originally had similar ideas, and them talking causes stronger views)
Groupthink: everyone agrees with the group for the sake of harmony

Question 5

Hit/miss, false alarm/correct negative theory is called

Answer 5

Signal Detection Theory

Question 6

Involuntary motor movement, common in Parkinson’s is the destruction of what brain structure?

Answer 6

Basal ganglia, degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantial negra

Question 7

Authentic, ideal, tactical self

Answer 7

Impression management, self-presentation

Question 8

Vision acuity is due to what structure in the eye

Answer 8

fovea: high density of cones present at the center of the MACULA of the retina

Question 9

Cerebellum vs. cerebrum

Answer 9

Cerebellum:

Cerebrum: largest part, both R and L hemispheres. higher functions (tough, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, fine control of movement)

Question 10

Where does the brain meet the spinal cord

Answer 10

at the Hindbrain

Question 11

Difference between proactive and reactive social movements

Answer 11

• Proactive Movements: promote social change

- Reactive Movements: resist social changes

Question 12

Ego-Syntonic

Answer 12

Person perceives their behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals = Personality Disorders

(all other psychological disorders are ego-dystonic = see their illness as something thrust upon them)

Question 13

Pathway for Addiction

Answer 13

ventral tegmental area (midbrain) initiates dopamine signals (in mesolimbic reward pathway), nucleus accumbens receives these dopamine signals – medial forebrain bundle connects the two

Question 14

Weak ties versus strong ties

Answer 14

Particularly in communities
Strong ties: quantitatively small, qualitatively powerful
Weak ties: quantitatively large, qualitatively small
social capital access is highly dependent on weak ties

Question 15

Neural crest vs. Neural tube

Answer 15

neural crest: forms dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment producing cells) and calcitonin producing cells of the thyroid, the cells at the leading edge of the neural fold form the PNS
Neural tube: responsible for the formation of the CNS

Question 16

defect in the Neural Tube

Answer 16

especially during embryonic development will result in anencephaly
neural folds grow toward one another to fuse neural tube

Question 17

Social networks create two types of social inequality

Answer 17

1. situational (socioeconomic advantage)

2. Positional (how connected one is within/centrality)

Question 18

Central vs. Peripheral Route Processing

Answer 18

central - deep thinking, scrutinize the purpose, meaning

peripheral - those that focus on the superficial details (person delivering the argument, catch phrases, slogans)

Question 19

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 19

separates individuals along a continuum on how they process persuasive information

Question 20

Incongruence

Answer 20

gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self

Question 21

Retina vs. Cornea

Answer 21

retina: detects light rays and converts them into signals for the brain to process (containing photoreceptors rods and cones) – this signal/energy eventually becomes an action potential
Cornea: gathers and focuses incoming light

Question 22

Monocular Cues vs. Binocular cues

Answer 22

cues: referred to cognitive appraisal
Monocular cues: relative size, interposition, aerial perspective, linear perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax
Binocular cues: stereopsis and convergence

Question 23

Thymine Dimer

Answer 23

UV Radiation cross-linking adjacent thymines

Question 24

Increasing Membrane Fluidity

Answer 24

will lower the melting point, cholesterol and unsaturated lipids

Question 25

effect of trans glycerophospholipids on membrane fluidity

Answer 25

decreases fluidity, increasing melting point

Question 26

What three things rely on glucose from the blood to survive

Answer 26

Red blood cells
brain
pancreas

Question 27

GLUT-4

Answer 27

only insulin responsive glucose transporter
in adipose and muscle tissue: mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
also stimulated in skeletal and cardiac muscle by exercise via an insulin independent pathway

Question 28

What three things is Pyruvate converted to?

Answer 28

1. Acetyl CoA (for citric acid cycle, via pyruvate dehydrogenase)
2. lactate (during fermentation, via lactated dehydrogenase)
3. oroxaloacetate (gluconeogenesis, via pyruvate carboxylase)

Question 29

Four amino acids that can be phosphorylated

Answer 29

In eukaryotes (due to OH group): 
Serine (S)
Threonine (T) 
Tyrosine (Y) 
In prokaryotes: Histidine (H)

Question 30

Amino Acids that can only donate H

Answer 30

Arginine (R)
Lysine (K)
Tryptophan (W)

Question 31

Amino acids that can only accept H

Answer 31

Aspartic acid (D)
Glutamic acid (E)

Question 32

Amino acids that can both donate and accept H

Answer 32

Asparagine (N)
Glutamine (Q)
Histidine (H)
Serine (S)
Threonine (T)
Tyrosine (Y)

Question 33

32P and 35S

Answer 33

32P Isotope: incorporated into DNA

35S Isotope: incorporated into protein

Question 34

Blood-Brain Barrier cell junctions

Answer 34

tight junctions are intercellular junctions, preventing movement of solutes within the space between adjacent cells (endothelial cells)

Question 35

Limitation of the preoperational stage

Answer 35

Piaget’s stages
Preoperational = 5 years
presumed to be limited by egocentrism

Question 36

Emotional arousal and impact on memory

Answer 36

high emotional arousal tends to increase central aspect memory while decreasing peripheral aspect memory

Question 37

NMDA

Answer 37

subtype of a glutamate receptor

Question 38

How does atrophy develop?

Answer 38

due to lower motor neuron disfunction

Question 39

Flynn Effect

Answer 39

marked increase in IQ scores in new generations over time