New Misc. Questions Flashcards
What germ layer does nervous tissue originate from?
Ectoderm
Which organ in the digestive system regulates glucose levels by breaking down glycogen?
The Liver
Where does Transcription occur in Eukaryotes?
Nucleus
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
cytoplasm
Where does translation occur in prokaryotes?
Transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes (both occurring in cytoplasm)
Where does replication occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
eukaryotes: in the nucleus
in prokaryotes: in the cytoplasm
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
eukaryotes: inner mitochondrial membrane
prokaryotes: plasma membrane
which organelles resemble Golgi apparatus in a eukaryote under the microscope?
smooth ER – membranes w/ many folds
What is the distinguishing feature that allows mRNA to be identified?
the Poly-A tail – allows them to be identified and isolated
How to use radiolabeled phosphorus and sulfur?
Proteins: contain sulfur, NOT phosphorus
DNA: contain phosphorus, NOT sulfur
Where are intricate muscle movements coordinated in the brain?
cerebellum
Duplicity Theory of Vision
retina (rods and cones)
What makes a causal mechanism?
process/pathway through an outcome is brought into being
Signs of upper motor neuron dysfunction
hyperreflexia, clonus, hypertonia, and the babinski sign
signs of lower motor neuron dysfunction
atrophy, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, and skeletal muscle twitches
areas of the brain involved in the cortical projection of dopamine
dopamine is released from ventral tegmentum (mid-brain) to the limbic system through nucleus accumbens
it is released from the substantia nigra to the striatum
it is released from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
purpose of the raphe nuclei
releases serotonin to the cerebral cortex
what lobe is responsible for sensation and perception?
the parietal lobe
part of the brain that releases histamine
hypothalamus
part of the brain that releases acetylcholine
frontal lobe nuclei that release – basalis nucleus and septal nuclei
What does the area of the Pressure x Volume graph indicate?
the total Work done
What trade is associated with Na/K ATPase
transport of 3 Na+ out, and 2 K+ in
The adrenal medulla is associated with what part of the nervous system?
The peripheral Nervous system – the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system only
it secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine = associated with short-term response to stress
What is complex II in the ETC
succinate dehydrogenase
Imprinted genes
they are expressed in a parent-specific manner
which part of the brain initiates the endocrine system in response to stress?
The hypothalamus. As it controls the pituitary gland
the direction of magnetic force and velocity on a moving charge?
the mag force acts on a moving charge perpendicularly to the velocity and direction of the magnetic field
C and N terminal Peptide attachment
[N-term – C-term] —- [N-term – C-term]
Graph shape of a cooperative process
sigmoidal
General structure of a storage lipid
3 FAs ester linked to single glycerol
Lewis Base
donate e- pair forming covalent interaction
Coordinate covalent bond
coordinate covalent bond: metal cation receives electrons from an e- pair donor
Difference between a covalent bond and a coordinate covalent bond
a covalent bond: one e- form each atom is shared to create the bond
a coordinate covalent bond: both electrons come from the same atom
ionic bonding
electrostatic attraction between cations and anions
ionization energies
increases moving up and to the right (towards nonmetals)
Metals have lower ionization energies than nonmetals, as long as ionization event involves valence e-
object distance > focal length, focal length is (-). what image is produced?
a virtual and reduced image
batter energy transformation
chemical to electrical to thermal
what creates primary protein structure?
the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another amino acid (removing a H2O in the process)
what creates secondary protein structure
due to interactions of the backbone
-held in shape by the hydrogen bonds formed between the carbonyl-O of one and the amino H of another
what creates tertiary protein structure
caused by R-group interactions (ionic, H bonding, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions)
How does ATP inhibit PFK-1?
ATP is the end product of glycolysis, it downregulates via feedback inhibition. It also binds to the regulatory site = allosteric regulation
Where are secretory proteins synthesized?
rough ER
what is ubiquitination?
targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome
Proteasome
protein complex containing proteases. breaks down proteins that have been targeted by ubiquitin
How are most viral proteins produced?
via direct translation of viral nucleic acid
