Random: Bio/Biochem Flashcards
(91 cards)
Flat vs. long bones
flat: skull, ribs, vertebrae “protective functions”
-red bone marrow, high blood cell production, little movement required
long bones: hands, feet, arms, legs
-yellow marrow, little blood cell production
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
metabolic, parallel to glycolysis
generates: NADPH, pentose (5C sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate (precursor to nucleotides)
Low carbohydrates in ER and golgi apparatus
- inappropriate intracellular transportation
- decreased levels of post-translational processing
- decreased glycogen storage within the cell
Polymerase Chain Rxn
uses Taq polymerase almost exclusively
usually a standard set of temperatures, independent of sequence
uses an excess of each nucleotide
they need to know the sequence in order to know what primer to use
pyloric sphincter disfunction causes _____
allows greater amount of chyme into the small intestine (drastically decreases pH) – causes the pancreatic enzymes (that require an alkaline environment) to decrease their functionality – decreasing digestion of lipids
Albinism
melanin synthesis is blocked, melanin is synthesized from Tyr, which means that Tyr cannot be processed
“sense RNA”
single stranded RNA
very vulnerable to attack – to mitigate this vulnerability, RNA needs to assume a 3D conformation in a very tight hair pin loop or lariat – allowing the RNA to bind to itself
Diabetes: Glycosuria
glucose in the urine
due to insufficient glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule
filtrate levels of glucose are so high and the glucose transporters are overwhelmed)
Breast-feeding, nipple stimulation
two stage response: oxytocin and prolactin levels increase
Prolonged high blood sugar effects
damage to multiple organs: retina of the eye, glomeruli of kidneys, coronary vessels of the heart, cerebral vessels of the brain, nerves in extremities
Cells of Leydig
produce testosterone, an abnormality would lead to low levels
Expressivity vs. Penetrance
expressivity: variance in phenotype despite identical genotype
penetrance: population measure, proportional of individuals carrying the allele who actually express the phenotype
Mendel’s law of segregation occurs when
during anaphase I of Meiosis
Asthma
allergic reaction in alveoli, this inflammation is initiated by an allergen bonding with the mast cells
Layers of the chest, outward to inward
skin to chest wall to parietal pleura, visceral pleura, lungs
Transplant
specificity of the immune response (mediated by B and T cells) so during transplants their fx is reduced greatly as not to reject the new organ
O2-Hb dissociation curve
‘exercise is the RIGHT thing to do’
as CO2 levels rise during exercise, the curve shifts to the right
vasectomy
effective male contraception, segment of the vas deferens is excised
epididymis and ejaculatory duct were disconnected
Saltatory Conduction
to jump ‘saltar’
occurs in myelinated neurons (afferent and efferent)
allows impulses to jump down the neuron and is necessary for action potentials to transmit at necessary speeds for function
Gastric cells/glands
3 different cell types:
Mucous cells: secrete alkaline mucous
Chief Cells: secrete pepsinogen
Parietal cells: secrete HCl, intrinsic factor
and Pyloric glands contain G cells = secrete gastrin (peptide hormone)
Renin-Angtiotensin-Aldosterone System
First: renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells (in kidney, in response to low BP), renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Moving to the lungs: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
purpose: angiotensin II causes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Folate
essential for neural tube development, deficiency results in neural tube defect (anywhere from the spinal cord to cranium)
common defect: anencephaly: brain fails to develop, skull is left open
Embryo Implantation
trophoblasts form chorionic villi, which penetrate the endometrium of uterus – chorionic villi develop the placenta
where does steroid synthesis occur?
smooth ER