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Behavioral Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

Paul Broca

A

linked certain deficits to specific brain lesions

“Broca’s area” – language area

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2
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Sensory Neurons

receptors go to spinal cord and brain

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3
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Motor Neurons
brain and spinal cord go to muscles and glands
Efferent Effect Action

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4
Q

Interneurons

A

located between other neurons

associated with reflexive behavior

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5
Q

Peripheral and Central Nerve Types

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons = Peripheral

Interneurons = Central

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6
Q

Two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

sensory and motor neurons throughout skin, joints, muscles (afferent and efferent nerves)
Associated with voluntary muscle movements

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (fx and two divisions)

A

regulates HR, respirations, digestions, gland secretions (anything you cannot consciously control)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

activated by stress, “fight or flight”

Physical Changes:
dilates pupiles, inhibits saliva, relaxes bronchi, increase HR and sweating and adrenaline, stimulates orgasm and glucose production, inhibits peristalsis and bladder contraction.

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10
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

purpose: conserve energy (resting, sleep states)
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

Physical Changes:
constricts pupils, stimulate saliva, constricts bronchi, decrease HR, stimulate bile and contracts bladder.

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11
Q

Three divisions of the brain

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain

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12
Q

Hindbrain

A

brain meets spinal cord – controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal

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13
Q

Three parts of Hindbrain and their fx

A

Cerebellum: posture, balance, body movements
Pons: relays information, regulates sleep
Medulla Oblongata: regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

involuntary reflexes due to visual and auditory stimuli (sensorimotor reflexes)
Superior colliculus: receives visual input
Inferior colliculus: receives auditory input, reflexive auditory reaction

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15
Q

Forebrain

A

Perception, cognition, behavior processes (emotion and memory), Greatest influence on human behavior = complex behaviors
structures divided into two: Telencephalon and diencephalon

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16
Q

EEG

A

study large groups of neurons

placing electrodes on the scalp – studies seizures

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17
Q

rCBF

A

maps blood flow of the brain

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18
Q

Forebrain: Telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

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19
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pineal gland

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20
Q

Four main parts of the Forebrain–diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
Pineal Gland

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21
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of Forebrain

sensory “way station” – everything but sense of smell

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A 
homeostatic functions (metabolism, water balance, temperature)
Emotional experiences: arousal, aggressiveness, sexual behavior
Control some endocrine functions

Four Fs: Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, sex Functioning

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23
Q

Hypothalamus: divisions

A

Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Anterior hypothalamus

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24
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus controls?

A 
Hunger center (eating and drinking)
balances caloric and water
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25
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus controls?

A

satiety center – indicate when to stop eating

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26
Q

Anterior hypothalamus controls?

A

sexual behavior, sleep and body temperature

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27
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

axonal projections of hypothalamus (just below)

releases ADH and oxytocin

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28
Q

Pineal Gland

A

biological rhythms, secretes melatonin, receives sensory input via sunlight

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29
Q

Three parts of the Forebrain–Tenecephalon

A

Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex

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30
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Relays from CNS to coordinate muscle movement to either maintain steady posture, or smooth muscle movement

info about body position (carries info to CNS)

Damage leads to Parkinson’s disease (too little dopamine)

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31
Q

Limbic System

A

Primarily emotion, memory, and learning

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32
Q

Limbic System: Septal Nuclei

A

one primary pleasure center

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33
Q

Limbic System: Amygdala

A

defensive, aggressive behaviors, fear, rage

Damage: leads to inability to react

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34
Q

Limbic System: Hippocampus

A

learning and memory processes – form long term memories

Damage: anterograde amnesia or retrograde amnesia
smell sense closely related to memory

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35
Q

Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex (fx, and 4 lobes)

A 
where behavior and reasoning exists
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
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36
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Frontal Lobe

A

made of all interneurons

prefrontal cortex: executive fx (perception, memory, emotion, impulse control), “association area” = integrates information rather than “projection area” that performs rudimentary tasks

Primary Motor Cortex
Broca’s Area

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37
Q

Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex

A

initiates voluntary motor movements in response to somatosensory cortex
“projection area”
*wired backwards: so if an external sources stimulates, then the movement becomes involuntary

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38
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Parietal Lobe

A

spatial processing: understanding where you are in relation to other things
Somatosensory cortex: “projection area” processing incoming touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

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39
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Occipital Lobe

A

rear of brain, Visual Cortex

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40
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Temporal Lobe

A

auditory cortex: sound processing (speech and music)
Wernicke’s Area: language reception and comprehension
memory processing, emotion, language

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41
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

inability to make any speech or sound

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42
Q

Contralateral Communication

A

brain communicates with opposite sides of the body (ex. with movement)

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43
Q

Ipsilateral Communication

A

brain communicates with the same side of the body (ex. for hearing)

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44
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

allows both hemispheres to communicate with each other

separating hemispheres could be a treatment for epilepsy

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45
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere

A

usually RIGHT side of the brain, associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing

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46
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

usually LEFT side of the brain, associated with analytical processing, managing details
language, logic, and math skills

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47
Q

Which neurotransmitters affect PNS?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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48
Q

Which neurotransmitters affect PNS and CNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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49
Q

Which neurotransmitters affect CNS?

A

Dopamine, serotonin, GABA, Endorphins

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50
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter in PNS and CNS
in PNS = voluntary muscle contraction
in CNS = attention and arousal (in the brain w/ learning and memory)

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51
Q

Epinephrine

A

in PNS, alertness and wakefulness

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52
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter in CNS

movement, posture, activates REWARD center

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53
Q

Schizophrenia and dopamine

A

due to too much dopamine

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54
Q

Parkinson’s and dopamine

A

due to loss of dopaminergic neurons (too little dopamine)

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55
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter in CNS
regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming, arousal, wakefulness
can influence depression, mania, seasonal affective disorder

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56
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter in CNS

inhibitory, “brain stabilizer”

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57
Q

Endorphins

A

neurotransmitter in CNS
natural painkiller, impact body for longer period of time
*opioids mimics endorphins in the body – contributing to addictiveness

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58
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

link between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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59
Q

Difference between anterior and posterior pituitary

A

anterior: synthesis of hormones and release
posterior: store and release hormones

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60
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland

A 
releases hormones that regulate endocrine glands
FLAT PEG
(ex. FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, endorphines, GH)
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61
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex: produces corticosteroids (cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and other sex hormones)

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62
Q

Gonads

A

sex glands (ovaries or testes)

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63
Q

innate versus learned behavior

A 
"nature" = innate behavior
"nurture" = learned behavior
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64
Q

Neurulation

A

neural groove – becomes 2 neural folds – developing into neural crest (desperate tissues) and neural tube (CNS)
neural tube differentiates into alar plate (sensory neurons) and basal plate (motor neurons)

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65
Q

Four developmental reflexes

A

Rooting Reflex: turning head in direction of stimulus
Moro Reflex: react to abrupt head movement by flinging arms
Babinski Reflex: spreading tubes when sole of foot is stimulated
Grasping Reflex:

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66
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to electromagnetic waves in visible spectrum (eye)

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67
Q

Hair Cells

A

respond to movement of fluid in inner ear

hearing, rotational and linear acceleration

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68
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli (receptors are throughout the body) or noxious stimuli (in the nose)

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69
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature (thermosensation)

in skin and nose

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70
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

osmolarity of blood
water homeostasis
in hypothalamus

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71
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

sensitive to volatile compounds – smell

nose

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72
Q

Limina (perception) - “Subliminal”

A

subliminal perception – perception of stimulus is below given threshold
to be detected by NS: stimulus is above threshold
to remain unaware: must be below threshold for conscious perception

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73
Q

“just-noticeable difference”

A

minimal difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive a difference

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74
Q

Weber’s Law

A

constant ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a and and magnitude of original stimulus

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75
Q

Duplicity Theory of Vision

A

Retina container two photoreceptors
Rods – detect light and dark
cones – detect color

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76
Q

Eye accommodation

A

changes the shape of the lens via the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments (stretching and constricting)

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77
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Rods and cones connect with bipolar cells, bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells, these group at the optic nerve – optic chiasm – lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus OR parietal lobes in visual cortex in occipital lobe

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78
Q

Olfactory Pathway

A

odor inhaled – nasal passages – olfactory nerves – receptors are activated – signal olfactory bulb – relayed via olfactory tract to higher brain

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79
Q

Somatosensation

A

pressure, vibration, pain, temperature

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80
Q

Somatosensation sensors (5)

A 
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner corpuscles
Merkle Cells (discs)
Ruffini Endings
Free Nerve Endings
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81
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure, vibration

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82
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

light touch

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83
Q

Merkle cells (discs)

A

deep pressure and texture

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84
Q

Ruffini Endings

A

stretch

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85
Q

Free nerve endings

A

pain and temperature

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86
Q

Somatosensation Pathway

A

receptors – transduction to CNS – somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

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87
Q

Gestalt Principles

A 
law of proximity
law of similarity
law of good continuation
subjective contours
law of closure
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88
Q

Habituation

A

repeated exposure to same stimulus causes decrease in response

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89
Q

Dishabituation

A

recovery of a response to stimulus AFTER habituation has occurred

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90
Q

Two types of learning

A

Associated (classical and operant conditioning) and Observational

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91
Q

Classical Conditioning

A 
Pavlov
biological/instinctual responses to create an association between two unrelated stimuli (turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus) 
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
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92
Q

Operant Conditioning

A 
Skinner
linking voluntary behaviors with consequences to alter frequency of those behaviors
Reinforcement, punishments
Escape learning
Avoidance learning
Primary reinforcer
Discriminative stimulus
Shaping
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93
Q

Reinforcement vs punishment on behavior

A

reinforcement increases behavior

punishment decreases behavior

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94
Q

Retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia

A

retrograde: loss of old memories
Anterograde: loss of new memories

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95
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

degenerative brain disorder
loss of acetylcholine receptors
neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques

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96
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Thiamine deficiency
Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
confabulation (creates fake, detailed memories to fill gaps)
agnosia: inability to recognize objects, peoples, or sounds

97
Q

Interference (two types)

A

Proactive interference: old info interferes with new learning
Retroactive interference: new info causes loss of old

98
Q

Judging Experimental Design (FINER method)

A 
F: Feasibility
I: Interest
N: New information/novel?
E: Ethical
R: Relevant
99
Q

Reinforcement Schedules (Operant Conditioning)

A 
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
100
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedules

A

reinforce behavior after # of performance son that behavior

continuous reinforcement: behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

101
Q

Variable Ratio Schedules

A

reinforce behavior after variable # is performed

  • average number of performance receive a reward is constant
  • works the fastest for learning a new behavior and the most resistant to extinction, fastest response rate
102
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedules

A

reinforce first instance of behavior AFTER specified time has elapsed

103
Q

Variable Interval Schedules

A

reinforce behavior first time the behavior is performed after varying interval of time

104
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory)
  • very short lived (< 1 second)
  • maintained by major projection areas: occipital lobe (vision), temporal lobe (hearing)
105
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • fades (30 seconds w/out rehearsal)
  • limited to 7 +- 2 items
  • primarily in hippocampus
106
Q

Working Memory

A

closely related to short term
supported by hippocampus
keeping few pieces in consciousness and manipulate (doing simple math)

107
Q

Long Term Memory

A

elaborative rehearsal: association of information to knowledge stored in long term memory
-closely tied to self-reference effect
-primarily controlled in hippocampus, memories eventually moved to cerebral cortex
Implicit vs. Explicit

108
Q

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

A

Implicit: non declarative, procedural. skills, conditioned responses
Explicit: declarative, require conscious recall, semantic and episodic memory

109
Q

Source Monitoring Error

A

confusing semantic and episodic memory

remembers details of an event, confuses the context on how they were gained

110
Q

Piavio: Dual Coding Theory

A

-verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

111
Q

Information Processing Model (4 components)

A
  1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage fo stimuli
  2. Stimuli analyzed by brain to be helpful in decision making
  3. Decisions made in one scenario could be used in others
  4. Problem solving is dependent on the person’s cognitive level (context and complexity of the problem)
112
Q

Piaget’s beliefs on Cognitive Development

A
  • infants learn via instinctual interaction w/ environment
  • as an infant ages they recognize patterns in behavior
  • new information is placed into schemata – processed via adaption
  • Adaption: 2 complementary processes (assimilation and accommodation)
113
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (4)

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
114
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: (1) Sensorimotor

A

birth to 2 years

  • Primary circular rxns: repetition of body movement by chance
  • Secondary circular rxns: focused on manipulation on something outside of the body
  • stage ends at the development of Object Permanence (that they continue to exist when out of view)
  • Representational thought begins
115
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: (2) Pre-operational

A

2 years to 7 years

  • symbolic thinking (imagination)
  • Egocentrism: inability to imagine how another feels/thinks
  • Centration: focus on only one phenomenon or inability to understand conservation
116
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: (3) Concrete Operational

A

7 years to 11 years

  • Understand conservation and outside perspectives
  • Engage in logical thought with concrete objectives
  • No Abstract thinking yet
117
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: (4) Formal Operational

A

11 years onward

-Reasoning, abstract thought, problem solving

118
Q

Lev Vygotsky’s view on Cognitive Development

A

he though the engine driving it was a child’s internalization of his or her culture

119
Q

Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

A

deductive: top-down - draws conclusions from info given
inductive: bottom-up - theory via generalizations

120
Q

Availability vs. Representative Heuristic

A

Availability: when we decide how likely something is, based on how easily similar instances can be imagined – tends to lead to an incorrect answer
Representative: Categorizes items, uses stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical info (base-rate fallacy)

121
Q

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A 
7 defined types
Linguistic
Musical
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
122
Q

Sleep Stages (4)

A

Stage 1. As soon as you doze, theta waves, EEG characterized by irregular wave forms (slower freq. and high voltages)
Stage 2. deeper sleep, theta waves, sleep spindles and k complexes
Stage 3 and 4. Deep deep, slow wave sleep (SWS), delta waves (low freq, high voltage), difficult to rouse, associated with cognitive recovery, memory consolidation, GH release.
Ex cycle: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM

123
Q

REM Sleep

A

spaced between cycles of NREM sleep
Arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but muscles are paralyzed
“paradoxical sleep”

124
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

24h cycle, affected by light
Blood levels of melatonin (serotonin derived hormone) from pineal gland
Cortisol slowly increases in the morning

125
Q

Dreaming

A

75% in REM
Activation-Synthesis Theory: random activation of neural activity, mimics incoming info, cortex attempts to stitch it all together

126
Q

Conscious Altering Drugs

A 
Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates/Opioids
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
127
Q

Depressants

A

reduces nervous system activity

Alcohol and Barbiturates/Benzodiazepines

128
Q

Alcohol

A

-Increases GABA receptor (leads to generalized brain inhibition)
-increases dopamine = mile euphoria
-alcohol myopia: inability to recognize consequences of actions
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: thiamine deficiency leading to severe memory impairment

129
Q

Barbiturates/Benzos

A
  • reduces anxiety
  • helps sleep
  • Increases GABA activity = sense of relaxation
130
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Increases arousal, increases freq. of action potentials

- Amphetamines, Cocaine, Ecstasy/MDMA

131
Q

Amphetamines

A
  • increase release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
  • increase HR, BP
  • prolonged use = stroke, brain damage
132
Q

Cocaine

A
  • decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

- anesthetic/vasoconstrictive

133
Q

Ecstasy/MDMA

A

hallucinogen + amphetamine

-increases HR, BP

134
Q

Opiates/Opioids

A
  • naturally: opiates, synthetic=opioids
  • bind to opioid receptors in both PNS and CNS (decreases rxn to pain)
  • overdose: death by respiratory suppression
  • Heroin is rapidly metabolized to heroin
135
Q

Hallucinogens

A

lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD)

  • complex interaction between various neurotransmitters (particularly serotonin)
  • distortion of reality, fantasy, and enhancement of senses
136
Q

Marijuana

A

active chemical in THC

  • “high” due to cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors
  • inhibits GABA receptors
  • indirectly increases dopamine
137
Q

Drug Addiction Pathway

A

“Mesolimbic Reward Pathway” nucleus accumbent (NaC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) connected to medial Forebrain bundle (MFB)
-normally involved in motivation/emotional response – (+) reinforcement
activated by gambling and falling in love

138
Q

Components of Language

A 
Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
139
Q

Language Development milestones

A

12 months: babbling
12-18months: add 1 word/month
18months: “explosion of language”, combining words
2-3 years: Larger sentences, not mastered language skills
5 years: language rules

140
Q

3 Theories of Language

A
  1. Nativist (Biological) Theory
  2. Learning (Behaviorist) Theory
  3. Social Interactionist Theory
141
Q
  1. Nativist (Biological) Theory
A

Noam Chomsky

  • innate capacity for language “transformational grammar”
  • Language Acquisition Device (LAD): Theoretical pathway
  • critical period vs. sensitive period
142
Q
  1. Learning (Behaviorist) Theory
A

BF Skinner

-via operant conditioning via reinforcement

143
Q
  1. Social Interactionist Theory
A

Interplay between biological and social processes

144
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (top to bottom)

A
  1. Self actualization
  2. Esteem
  3. Love/belonging
  4. Safety
  5. Physiological
145
Q

Three Universal Needs

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Competence
  3. Relatedness
146
Q

Four primary factors that influence motivation

A

Instincts, Arousal, Drives, Needs

147
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Type of theory of motivation that explains continued drug use

  • withdrawal created by this mechanism can create physical dependence on a drug
  • Used to also explain tolerance
148
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Prototypical w/ psychosis as a feature

  • (+) symptoms: behavior, cognition, affect delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
  • (-) symptoms: loss of something from behavior, cognition or affect, avolition
149
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A 
- >1 Major Depressive Episode
Symptoms: SIG E CAPS
Sleep decrease
Interest decrease
Guilt increase
Energy decrease
Concentration decrease
Apetite changes
Psychomotor 
Suicidal
150
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

Dysthymia > 2 years

doesn’t meet criteria for MDD

151
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A 
Mania (rapid onset, brief duration) -- Depression (slow onset, longer duration)
Mania Symptoms MNEMONIC
Types:
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic Disorder
152
Q

Mania Symptoms Mnemonic

A 
-DIG FAST
Distractible
Insomnia
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Agitation
pressured Speech
Thoughtfulness
153
Q

Bipolar I

A

> 1 Manic Episode

154
Q

Bipolar II

A

> 1 Hypomanic episode + > Major depressive episode

155
Q

Cyclothymic

A

hypomanic episodes + dysthymia

156
Q

Agoraphobia

A

type of anxiety disorders

Fear of places or situations where its hard to escape

157
Q

PTSD

A

intrusion of symptoms
avoidance symptoms
negative cognitive symptoms
arousal symptoms

158
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall PAST experiences

severe: dissociative Fugue

159
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

2 or more personalities that control your behavior

160
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization

A

feelings of detachment from mind, body, and environment

161
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

> 1 somatic symptoms

-may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition

162
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Type of Somatic Symptom Disorder

-preoccupation with thoughts about having or getting a serious medical condition

163
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Unexplained symptoms of motor or sensory fx

  • associated with psych trauma
  • linked to stress
164
Q

Personality Disorders (clusters)

A
  • inflexible, maladaptive behavior
  • distress, impaired function of at least 2: cognition, emotions, interpersonal fx, impulse control

Cluster A: WIERD Odd, eccentric
Cluster B: WILD Dramatic, emotional, erratic
Cluster C: WORRIED Anxious, fearful

165
Q

PD: Cluster A

A

Paranoid PD: suspicion
Schizotypal PD: magical thinking, eccentricity
Schizoid PD: detachment of social relationships, limited emotion

166
Q

PD: Cluster B

A

Antisocial PD: disregard for the rights of others
Borderline PD: relationship instability, mood or self image, splitting
Histrionic PD: Constant attention seeking behavior
Narcissistic PD: grandiose self-importance, need for admiration

167
Q

PD: Cluster C

A

Avoidant PD: extreme fear of rejection
Dependent PD: need for reassurance
Obsessive-Compulsive PD: perfection, inflexible

168
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A 
genetic factors
birth trauma
adolescent marijuana use
family history
high dopaminergic transmission
169
Q

Causes of Depression

A

high levels of glucocorticoids

Low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

170
Q

Causes of Bipolar disorders

A

high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin

highly heritable

171
Q

Causes of Alzheimers

A 
genetic factors 
brain atrophy
low acetylcholine
senile beta-amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphophorylated tau protein
172
Q

Causes of Parkinsons Disease

A 
Bradykinesia
resting tremor
pill-rolling tremor
mask-like facies
cogwheel rigidity
shuffling gait
low dopamine production by cells in substantia nigra
173
Q

Interpersonal Attraction (factors)

A 
golden ratio
Similarities
self-disclosure
reciprocity
proximity
174
Q

Aggression

A

in brain: amygdala activated by threatening situation
prefrontal cortex modulated compulsiveness
higher testosterone promotes
SO inhibited prefrontal cortex coupled with increase testosterone promotes aggressive behaviors

175
Q

Types of Attachments

A

Good: Secure attachment
Bad: Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized attachment

176
Q

Types of Supports

A 
Emotional
Esteem
Material
Informational
Network
177
Q

Attribution Theory

A

individuals inferring causes of others behavior
Dispositional (internal): relate to the person
Situational (external): relate to the surroundings

178
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

bias towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions (in regard to actions of others)

– meaning that they put undue emphasis on internal traits of others when evaluating reasons for behavior

179
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

Describe attributions made by observing the intentional behaviors by someone

180
Q

Social Phenomena in Group Settings

A 
Social Facilitation
deindividuation
Bystander Effect
Social Loafing
Peer Pressure
181
Q

Social Loafing

A

tendency for individuals to to put in less effort when in a group setting

182
Q

Social Facilitation

A

tendency for people to perform at an increased level in a group setting, depending on who is around

183
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness in a group setting
can lead to drastic changes in behavior
Contributors to deindividuation:
team building, similar clothes, online chat room

184
Q

Socialization (age milestones)

A

Childhood: Primary socialization
Adolescent: Secondary socialization
Adulthood: Anticipatory Socialization, Re-socialization

185
Q

Locus of Control (internal vs. external)

A

internal: successes and failures are a result of themselves
external: perceive outside factors influencing their lives

186
Q

Freud Psychosexual stages of development

A

Oral: libidinal energy @ mouth, fail= excessive dependency
Anal: toilet training, fail=excessive orderliness, messiness
Phallic: oedipal or electra conflict resolves
Latency: libido largely stimulated
Genital: begins @ puberty, enter into normal heterosexual relationships

Failure at @ any stage = Fixation

187
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

A 
0-1: trust vs. mistrust
1-3: Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
3-6: Initiative vs. guilt
6-12: industry vs. Inferiority
12-20: Identity vs. Role confusion
20-40: Intimacy vs. Isolation
40-65: Generativity vs. stagnation
65+: Integrity vs. despair
188
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A 
Preconventional Morality (preadolescence) 
Conventional Morality (adolescence to adulthood)
Postconventional Morality (Adulthood, if at all)
189
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Preconventional

A
  • preadolescence
  • emphasis on consequences of moral choice
    1. Obedience: avoiding punishment
    2. Self-Interest: gaining rewards
190
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Conventional

A
  • Adolescence to Adulthood
  • see themselves in terms of their relationships to others
  • understanding and accepting social rules
    3. Conformity: seeks approval from others
    4. Law and Order: social order in highest regard
191
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Postconventional

A
  • Adulthood (if at all)
  • level of reasoning not all people can reach
  • based on social mores that may conflict with laws
    5. Social Contract: moral rules as conventions to ensure greater good reasoning is focused on individual rights
    6. Universal Human Ethics: decisions account for abstract principles
192
Q

Personality: psychoanalytic Perspective

A

-personality from unconscious urges and desires
-Freud’s theories:
“id” : Pleasure principle
“super ego” :
“ego” : Reality principle

193
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A 
"Randy, Please Require Students Read Dr. Seuss Books"
Repression
Projection
Regression
Suppression
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation
Reaction Formation
194
Q

Jung, Collective Unconscious

A 
Links all human beings, personality influenced by archetypes
Personal
Anima (feminine) vs. Animus (masculine)
Shadow
Self
Three dichotomies: 
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Sensing vs. Intuiting
Thinking vs. Feeling
195
Q

Three components of attitude

A

“ABC”

  1. Affective
  2. Behavioral
  3. Cognitive
196
Q

Functional Attitudes Theory (4)

A
  1. Knowledge
  2. Ego Expression
  3. Adaptability
  4. Ego Defense
197
Q

Learning Theory on Attitude

A

direct contact
direct interaction
direct instruction
conditioning

198
Q

Functionalism: Manifest fx and latent fx

A

-how each fx of society fits and works together
MF: deliberate actions to help govern a system
LF: unintended (+) consequences of manifest functions

199
Q

Conflict Theory

A

how powerful differentials are created, how they contribute to social order

200
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

how individuals interact with each other

201
Q

Social Constructionism

A

individuals and groups make decisions

202
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

max benefit, minimize harm (exchange theory)

203
Q

Feminist Theory

A

How one gender can be subordinated, minimized, devalued

204
Q

Four ethical tenets of American Medicine (and research)

A
  1. Beneficence: patients best interest
  2. Nonmaleficence: avoid treatment when risks outweigh benefits
  3. Respect for Autonomy
  4. Justice
205
Q

Incidence vs. Prevalence

A

Incidence: New cases / pop @ risk
Prevalence: total cases / total population

206
Q

Oculesic Communication

A

type of nonverbal communication where eye movements signal meaning

207
Q

EEG Readings and sleep

A

K complexes: Drastic drop in voltage during stage 2 of sleep

208
Q

Paradoxical Sleep

A

Describe EEG readings during REM sleep that mimic awake

209
Q

Prestige

A

measure of how much others respect an individual (or you)

210
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

How environmental factors influence our behavior and how we interact with the environment
-participants WATCH the experience of others in order to choose their own behavior, learning develops through direct observation and replication

211
Q

Primary and Secondary Socialization

A

primary: learning norms and values (from family @ young age)
Secondary: learning to fit into society (via social interactions outside the family) likely to be difference across cultures

212
Q

Addiction Pathway

A

brings in ventral demential area (midbrain) initiates the dopamine signals (in the mesolimbic reward pathway), the nucleus accumbens receives dopamine signals.
Medial forebrain bundle connects the two

213
Q

Impression Management Strategies

A 
Self disclosure
managing appearances
Ingratiation
Aligning Actions
Alter-casting
214
Q

self disclosure

A

giving info about self to establish identity

215
Q

managing appearances

A

altering to create + image

216
Q

Ingratiation

A

using flattery or conforming to the expectations of others to “win” them over

217
Q

Aligning Actions

A

making questionable behavior acceptable via excuses

218
Q

Alter-Casting

A

imposing an identity on to another person

219
Q

Identity-Shift Effect

A

modify self-perception based on social environment

220
Q

Difference between avoidance learning and escape learning

A

avoidance learning: taking one action to avoid something else from happening
escape learning: behavior intended to reduce an unpleasant stimulus that already exists

221
Q

Type I and Type II Error

A

Type I: false positive

Type II: False negative

222
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on internal (psychological) and external (environmental) context

223
Q

crystallized Intelligence vs fluid intelligence

A

crystallized: related to learned skills and knowledge
fluid: problem solving skills

224
Q

Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft

A

community and society, respectively

225
Q

Impression Management (3 selves)

A
  1. Authentic self = who we really are
  2. Ideal Self = who we would like to be under optimal conditions
  3. Tactical Self = who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to other’s expectations
226
Q

High states of physiological arousal is correlated with

A

increased epinephrine

227
Q

impulse control

A

executive function of prefrontal cortex

228
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

of Social Facilitations

enhanced ability to perform simple, familiar tasks and inhibits ability to perform complex, unfamiliar tasks

229
Q

Paranoid PD:

A

suspicion

230
Q

Schizotypal PD:

A

magical thinking, eccentricity

231
Q

Schizoid PD:

A

detachment of social relationships, limited emotion

232
Q

Antisocial PD:

A

disregard for the rights of others

233
Q

Borderline PD:

A

relationship instability, mood or self image, splitting

234
Q

Histrionic PD:

A

Constant attention seeking behavior

235
Q

Narcissistic PD:

A

grandiose self-importance, need for admiration

236
Q

Avoidant PD:

A

extreme fear of rejection

237
Q

Dependent PD:

A

need for reassurance

238
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive PD:

A

perfection, inflexible

MCAT Prep (11 decks)

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