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MCAT Prep > Random: Chem/Phys > Flashcards

Random: Chem/Phys Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Saponification conditions

A

fats are hydrolyzed under basic conditions

long chain carboxylic acids reacted with NaOH or LiOH

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2
Q

H Bonding

A

H bonding occurs when it is having FON with other molecules

F, O, N = specific, unusually strong dipole-dipole interaction

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3
Q

Ionization Energies

A

the amount of E to remove a valency e- (from an atom in gaseous form)
2nd ionization energy > 1st ionization energy
*ionization energies increase moving to the right, N’s first ionization energy > O’s first ionization energy due to N half filled p shell

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4
Q

Isotopes

A

they have the same atomic number (# of protons) but different mass numbers because they have different # of neutrons
*they behave similarly because they have the same atomic number

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5
Q

Disproportionation Reaction

A

type of redox reaction where an element undergoes both oxidation and reduction to form 2 different products

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6
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

solution with larger mole fraction of solute = lower vapor pressure

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7
Q

Potentiometric

A

measures change in voltage during a titration

changes in concentration can influence voltage

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8
Q

the maximum number of electrons the 4th orbital shell can hold

A 
4s = 2
4d = 10 
4p = 6
4f = 14
total = 32
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9
Q

Coordination Complexes

A

central atom with neutral or anions bound around it

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10
Q

Alkali Earth Metals (group #) and water

A

Alkali Earth Metals (group 2) react violently with water

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11
Q

Effective Nuclear Charge

A

Zeff
as inner e- are added, valence e- are increasingly separated from the nucleus
this causes a reduction in electrostatic attraction between the valence e and the (+) charged Nucleus – causing a decrease in Zeff and electron affinity

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12
Q

Plane Polarized light

A

in order to be optically active, there MUST be chirality
if no rotation is observed when the plan polarized light is applied, then the mixture may contain a racemic mixture with both (+) and (-) enantiomers in equal concentrations

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13
Q

Light emission

A

if an orbiting e- emits light, then that e- will have lost potential energy
(in order to lose energy, e- moves from higher energy to lower energy (n=6 to n=5)

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14
Q

e- max potential energy

A

when it is infinitely far away from the (+) charged nucleus

and when it is just leaving the battery (no energy has been converted to KE or lost as heat)

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15
Q

Electromagnetic Waves – type

A

they are transverse waves, oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to direction of propogation

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16
Q

electrical and magnetic field are ____ to eachother

A

perpendicular

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17
Q

Polarizers

A

filters that allow only light w/ electric or magnetic fields pointing in a particular direction to pass
-if two polarizers are perpendicular to eachother then they produce no light

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18
Q

How does power and KE relate to eachother?

A

P = W/t = change in KE / t

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19
Q

how energy is utilized during a workout

A

begins as chemical energy (ATP, food consumed), becomes mechanical energy (muscle contraction), then is converted to heat energy (increasing metabolic rate, generation of heat)

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20
Q

When distance and displacement differ

A 
the velocity (and maybe the direction) changed during travel. This also means acceleration changed as well.
Also means that there was a net force acting on the mover
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21
Q

clockwise and counterclockwise torque

A 
clockwise torque (-)
counterclockwise torque (+)
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22
Q

Visible light (blue - red)

A

Red (~700nm, low frequency, low energy)

Blue/Violet (~400nm, high frequency, high energy)

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23
Q

Entropy distinctions

A

@constant T and P, the entropy of a system will spontaneously increase
“have less centralized energy than the solid, which means it has a greater entropy”

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24
Q

Histones

A

Facilitate favorable electrostatic interactions with negatively charged backbone of DNA, comprised of basic amino acids
(Arginine, lysine)

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25
Q

Light Dispersion

A

occurs when light is refracted (which will happen, hopefully to a negligible extent) in a lens

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26
Q

Chromatic Aberration

A

dispersive effect found in spherical lenses, which can result in rainbow halos around images

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27
Q

Electromotive Force (emf)

A

for a battery with a nonnegligible internal R, the emf is greater than the voltage delivered due to the voltage drop as the current passes through the battery’s terminals.

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28
Q

Dissociation Constant (Kd)

A

if it is small = components of the complex have a high affinity for eachother
if it is large = then the components of the complex have a low affinity for eachother

measures the tendency for 2 molecules to separate

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29
Q

Geminal Diols

A

always contain two -OH groups on the same carbon

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30
Q

Waves in an instrument

A

they are standing waves, as waves interact with the air, they become traveling waves
traveling waves = experience varying levels of displacement at all points along their path

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31
Q

difference between strong and weak electrolytes

A

strong: dissociate a lot
weak: dissociate very little, weak polar covalent bonds

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32
Q

Reduction Potentials: Voltaic Cell

A

requires a positive reduction potential

33
Q

When something appears a color

A

If an object appears yellow, then it means that it is reflecting yellow wavelengths and absorbing all other wavelengths

34
Q

Difference between FADH2 and NADH

A

FADH2: tightly bound to enzymes bc it reacts readily with O2, allows for single e- transfers that produce highly stable free radical species = “semiquinones”, and double e- transfers
NADH: only all 2e- transfers, does not react with O2

35
Q

Carbon structures (diamond, graphite)

A

graphite: each C is covalently bonded to three others (tetrahedral, free e-)
Diamond: each C is covalently bonded to four others (no free e-)

36
Q

the purpose of electrophoresis

A

DNA strands of varying length and size would be easily identified

37
Q

the purpose of gas chromatography

A

separates substances that can be vaporized without decomposition

38
Q

the purpose of distillation

A

technique used to separate and purify of a liquid mixture based on differing boiling points

39
Q

the purpose of centrifugation

A

technique to separate solid particles from a liquid mixture by accelerating the settling of these particles

40
Q

vapor pressure

A

as solute is added to the solvent, the vapor pressure decreases

41
Q

vapor pressure and boiling point

A

boiling point = temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid = ambient (incident) pressure
if the vapor pressure is lower than the solvent vapor pressure, then more energy is required to meet the boiling point

42
Q

Equilibrium constant (Keq) and Reaction Quotient (Qc) does not incorporate

A

excludes PURE solids and liquids

43
Q

(-) delta H, (-) delta S = what deltaG

A

spontaneous at low temperatures

44
Q

(-) delta H, (+) delta S = what deltaG

A

spontaneous at all temperatures

45
Q

(+) delta H, (-) delta S = what deltaG

A

nonspontaneous at all temperatures

46
Q

(+) delta H, (+) delta S = what deltaG

A

spontaneous at high temperatures

47
Q

IR Spectroscopy: N-H

A

3300, sharp

48
Q

IR Spectroscopy: O-H

A

3000-3300, broad

49
Q

IR Spectroscopy: triple bond C-O, triple bond C-N

A

1900-2200, medium

50
Q

IR Spectroscopy: C=O

A

1750, sharp

51
Q

IR Spectroscopy: C=C

A

1600-1680, weake

52
Q

Galvanic (voltaic) cell has what type of reaction?

A

spontaneous reactions only

w/ (+) electromotive force

53
Q

Electrolytic Cell, what type of reaction?

A

nonspontaneous reactions only

(-) electromotive force

54
Q

solving for moles of gas

A

ideal gas law equation

PV=nRT

55
Q

1 mol of gas is how many liters?

A

22.4L at 273K

56
Q

Pressure Volume graph

A

the work done by the system is the area under the curve

using Power = change in Energy / change in time

57
Q

KE and Work

A

if the KE is initially zero, then the total KE is equal to the work done

W=F*d – F = W/d = KE/d

58
Q

Difference between ganglioside and sphingomyelin

A

ganglioside: sphingolipid w/ attached oligosaccharide head group
Sphingomyelin: phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine head group

59
Q

Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

A

amides < esters < carboxylic acids < acid anhydrides

60
Q

Solving for spring constant (when not given)

A

Use restoring force equation

k = F/x

61
Q

Three monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

62
Q

three disaccharides

A

lactose, maltose, sucrose

63
Q

A molecule involved with visible light will normally appear?

A

will normally have extensive conjugation

64
Q

cyclic amides

A

lactams

65
Q

cyclic esters

A

lactones

66
Q

amide, ester, and anhydride formation

A

all via condensation reactions

67
Q

Formation of an Amide

A

carboxylic acid derivative + ammonia (NH3) or amine (1 or 2)
carboxylic acid derivative = electrophile
ammonia or amine = nucleophile

68
Q

Formation of Ester (Fischer esterification)

A

carboxylic acid OR anhydride + alcohol (in acidic conditions)
acid attacks the carbonyl oxygen, allowing the nucleophile (alcohol) to attack the carbonyl carbon

69
Q

Refraction: what color light experiences more

A

violet light (smaller wavelength) experiences the most refraction (bent the greatest)

red light (greater wavelength) experiences the LEAST refraction (bent the least)

70
Q

How to improve resolution (microscope)

A

improve by decreasing the wavelength of light

improve by increasing the aperture of the objective lens

71
Q

Wavelength and DIFFRACTION

A

greater diffraction = longer wavelengths

less diffraction = greater resolution

72
Q

Diffraction and aperture

A

greater aperture = less diffraction = shorter wavelengths = better resolution

73
Q

Chelation

A

requires large organic ligands
bonds ions and molecules to METAL ions
via coordinate bonds

74
Q

Opposite configurations at every chiral center

A

enantiomers

75
Q

Configuration about the alpha carbon in carbohydrates and/or amino acids

A

based on absolute configuration of glyceraldehyde

L- and D-

76
Q

increasing the acidity of carboxylic acids

A

add electronegative substituents = more electron withdrawing group, and add them closer to the carboxylic group

77
Q

Why are metals good conductors?

A

they have valence e- that can move freely

78
Q

Which group on the periodic table form divalent cations?

A

group two (alkali earth metals)

MCAT Prep (11 decks)

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