Random: Chem/Phys Flashcards
Saponification conditions
fats are hydrolyzed under basic conditions
long chain carboxylic acids reacted with NaOH or LiOH
H Bonding
H bonding occurs when it is having FON with other molecules
F, O, N = specific, unusually strong dipole-dipole interaction
Ionization Energies
the amount of E to remove a valency e- (from an atom in gaseous form)
2nd ionization energy > 1st ionization energy
*ionization energies increase moving to the right, N’s first ionization energy > O’s first ionization energy due to N half filled p shell
Isotopes
they have the same atomic number (# of protons) but different mass numbers because they have different # of neutrons
*they behave similarly because they have the same atomic number
Disproportionation Reaction
type of redox reaction where an element undergoes both oxidation and reduction to form 2 different products
Raoult’s Law
solution with larger mole fraction of solute = lower vapor pressure
Potentiometric
measures change in voltage during a titration
changes in concentration can influence voltage
the maximum number of electrons the 4th orbital shell can hold
4s = 2 4d = 10 4p = 6 4f = 14 total = 32
Coordination Complexes
central atom with neutral or anions bound around it
Alkali Earth Metals (group #) and water
Alkali Earth Metals (group 2) react violently with water
Effective Nuclear Charge
Zeff
as inner e- are added, valence e- are increasingly separated from the nucleus
this causes a reduction in electrostatic attraction between the valence e and the (+) charged Nucleus – causing a decrease in Zeff and electron affinity
Plane Polarized light
in order to be optically active, there MUST be chirality
if no rotation is observed when the plan polarized light is applied, then the mixture may contain a racemic mixture with both (+) and (-) enantiomers in equal concentrations
Light emission
if an orbiting e- emits light, then that e- will have lost potential energy
(in order to lose energy, e- moves from higher energy to lower energy (n=6 to n=5)
e- max potential energy
when it is infinitely far away from the (+) charged nucleus
and when it is just leaving the battery (no energy has been converted to KE or lost as heat)
Electromagnetic Waves – type
they are transverse waves, oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to direction of propogation
electrical and magnetic field are ____ to eachother
perpendicular
Polarizers
filters that allow only light w/ electric or magnetic fields pointing in a particular direction to pass
-if two polarizers are perpendicular to eachother then they produce no light
How does power and KE relate to eachother?
P = W/t = change in KE / t
how energy is utilized during a workout
begins as chemical energy (ATP, food consumed), becomes mechanical energy (muscle contraction), then is converted to heat energy (increasing metabolic rate, generation of heat)
When distance and displacement differ
the velocity (and maybe the direction) changed during travel. This also means acceleration changed as well. Also means that there was a net force acting on the mover
clockwise and counterclockwise torque
clockwise torque (-) counterclockwise torque (+)
Visible light (blue - red)
Red (~700nm, low frequency, low energy)
Blue/Violet (~400nm, high frequency, high energy)
Entropy distinctions
@constant T and P, the entropy of a system will spontaneously increase
“have less centralized energy than the solid, which means it has a greater entropy”
Histones
Facilitate favorable electrostatic interactions with negatively charged backbone of DNA, comprised of basic amino acids
(Arginine, lysine)
Light Dispersion
occurs when light is refracted (which will happen, hopefully to a negligible extent) in a lens
Chromatic Aberration
dispersive effect found in spherical lenses, which can result in rainbow halos around images
Electromotive Force (emf)
for a battery with a nonnegligible internal R, the emf is greater than the voltage delivered due to the voltage drop as the current passes through the battery’s terminals.
Dissociation Constant (Kd)
if it is small = components of the complex have a high affinity for eachother
if it is large = then the components of the complex have a low affinity for eachother
measures the tendency for 2 molecules to separate
Geminal Diols
always contain two -OH groups on the same carbon
Waves in an instrument
they are standing waves, as waves interact with the air, they become traveling waves
traveling waves = experience varying levels of displacement at all points along their path
difference between strong and weak electrolytes
strong: dissociate a lot
weak: dissociate very little, weak polar covalent bonds
Reduction Potentials: Voltaic Cell
requires a positive reduction potential
When something appears a color
If an object appears yellow, then it means that it is reflecting yellow wavelengths and absorbing all other wavelengths
Difference between FADH2 and NADH
FADH2: tightly bound to enzymes bc it reacts readily with O2, allows for single e- transfers that produce highly stable free radical species = “semiquinones”, and double e- transfers
NADH: only all 2e- transfers, does not react with O2
Carbon structures (diamond, graphite)
graphite: each C is covalently bonded to three others (tetrahedral, free e-)
Diamond: each C is covalently bonded to four others (no free e-)
the purpose of electrophoresis
DNA strands of varying length and size would be easily identified
the purpose of gas chromatography
separates substances that can be vaporized without decomposition
the purpose of distillation
technique used to separate and purify of a liquid mixture based on differing boiling points
the purpose of centrifugation
technique to separate solid particles from a liquid mixture by accelerating the settling of these particles
vapor pressure
as solute is added to the solvent, the vapor pressure decreases
vapor pressure and boiling point
boiling point = temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid = ambient (incident) pressure
if the vapor pressure is lower than the solvent vapor pressure, then more energy is required to meet the boiling point
Equilibrium constant (Keq) and Reaction Quotient (Qc) does not incorporate
excludes PURE solids and liquids
(-) delta H, (-) delta S = what deltaG
spontaneous at low temperatures
(-) delta H, (+) delta S = what deltaG
spontaneous at all temperatures
(+) delta H, (-) delta S = what deltaG
nonspontaneous at all temperatures
(+) delta H, (+) delta S = what deltaG
spontaneous at high temperatures
IR Spectroscopy: N-H
3300, sharp
IR Spectroscopy: O-H
3000-3300, broad
IR Spectroscopy: triple bond C-O, triple bond C-N
1900-2200, medium
IR Spectroscopy: C=O
1750, sharp
IR Spectroscopy: C=C
1600-1680, weake
Galvanic (voltaic) cell has what type of reaction?
spontaneous reactions only
w/ (+) electromotive force
Electrolytic Cell, what type of reaction?
nonspontaneous reactions only
(-) electromotive force
solving for moles of gas
ideal gas law equation
PV=nRT
1 mol of gas is how many liters?
22.4L at 273K
Pressure Volume graph
the work done by the system is the area under the curve
using Power = change in Energy / change in time
KE and Work
if the KE is initially zero, then the total KE is equal to the work done
W=F*d – F = W/d = KE/d
Difference between ganglioside and sphingomyelin
ganglioside: sphingolipid w/ attached oligosaccharide head group
Sphingomyelin: phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine head group
Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
amides < esters < carboxylic acids < acid anhydrides
Solving for spring constant (when not given)
Use restoring force equation
k = F/x
Three monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
three disaccharides
lactose, maltose, sucrose
A molecule involved with visible light will normally appear?
will normally have extensive conjugation
cyclic amides
lactams
cyclic esters
lactones
amide, ester, and anhydride formation
all via condensation reactions
Formation of an Amide
carboxylic acid derivative + ammonia (NH3) or amine (1 or 2)
carboxylic acid derivative = electrophile
ammonia or amine = nucleophile
Formation of Ester (Fischer esterification)
carboxylic acid OR anhydride + alcohol (in acidic conditions)
acid attacks the carbonyl oxygen, allowing the nucleophile (alcohol) to attack the carbonyl carbon
Refraction: what color light experiences more
violet light (smaller wavelength) experiences the most refraction (bent the greatest)
red light (greater wavelength) experiences the LEAST refraction (bent the least)
How to improve resolution (microscope)
improve by decreasing the wavelength of light
improve by increasing the aperture of the objective lens
Wavelength and DIFFRACTION
greater diffraction = longer wavelengths
less diffraction = greater resolution
Diffraction and aperture
greater aperture = less diffraction = shorter wavelengths = better resolution
Chelation
requires large organic ligands
bonds ions and molecules to METAL ions
via coordinate bonds
Opposite configurations at every chiral center
enantiomers
Configuration about the alpha carbon in carbohydrates and/or amino acids
based on absolute configuration of glyceraldehyde
L- and D-
increasing the acidity of carboxylic acids
add electronegative substituents = more electron withdrawing group, and add them closer to the carboxylic group
Why are metals good conductors?
they have valence e- that can move freely
Which group on the periodic table form divalent cations?
group two (alkali earth metals)
