Khan Academy Questions Flashcards
Cofactor
non-organic compound utilized as an enzyme/allows the reaction to proceed
Induced Fit Model: what alters the enzyme binding site?
the substrate
Ligase
catalyzes the “ligation” of two molecules via the formation of a covalent bond, eliminating a H2O
allosteric binding
reversible, noncovalent
where during normal DNA replication is genetic material lost from telomeres?
joining of adjacent Okazaki fragments
Ribosome subunits of humans and prokaryotes
Humans: 60S and 40S = sum at 80S
Prokaryotes: 50S and 30S = sum at 70S
Difference between introns and exons
introns: “are out” noncoding regions of DNA and are cleaved from RNA transcripts before they are translated to proteins
Exons: major coding regions, spliced together in RNA to produce functional sequences for translation
GLycosylation
attachment of sugar moieties to proteins for post-translational modification
location ER and golgi apparatus
miRNA
aids in transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation via gene silencing through translational repression or target degradation
Theory of intersectionality
we need to understand how the double and triple jeopardy exists w/ overlapping categories of discrimination.
culture of poverty
that poor people develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success in socity and are resigned to their lower socio-economic position
Feminist Theory
investigates and seeks to understand the mechanisms of gender inequality
Functionalism
focuses on social structures and how they interact
Conflict Theory
describes the relationship between unequal access and social tensions
Symbolic interactionist
interested in various ways that symbols impact interpretation
Strong Social Constructionism
rejects brute facts, believes everything can be explained by an interaction between social constructs
ex: knowledge and language depend on socially constructed understanding
a non-conservative mutation
a new amino acid is of a different type than the original protein
Base pairing transition
point mutation when one purine is substituted for another purine, or v.v.
In nature, restriction enzymes are meant to protect:
bacteria from viruses,
restriction enzymes destroy unprotected DNA (which is usually foreign DNA)
Hosts (humans) protect their DNA via methylation
Palindromic DNA Sequence
will read the same sequence 5’ to 3’ on either strand.
This is different compared to a palindromic number (12321)
What does ethidium bromide do?
dye that intercalates in DNA, visible in gel electrophoresis assays
what direction does polymerase move?
5’ to 3’ direction
what enzyme is needed to generate cDNA from mRNA?
reverse transcriptase
is cDNA ssDNA or dsDNA?
ssDNA
how to convert cDNA to regular DNA?
DNA polymerase can convert sDNA to dsDNA
Microarray
we are assaying a variety of DNA, usually a chip with a bunch of little wells
Synaptonemal Complexes
- “scaffold” upon which recombination takes place
- form between two structures that will undergo genetic recombination (homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids)
- made of highly specialized proteins
pre-zygotic reproductive isolation
barriers that prevent two organisms from mating
disruptive selection
when two extremes of a population are selected for
ATP Hydrolysis involves the hydrolysis of what bond?
the phosphoanhydride bond linking the gamma-phosphate to the beta-phosphate
