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Toxicology > Random Household Poisons > Flashcards

Random Household Poisons Flashcards

1
Q

What is Xylitol and its mechanism of action? how do animals get poisoned?

A

5 carbon sugar alcohol (low cal sugar)
common with ingestion of baked good, gum, candy, toothpaste
stimulates massive release of insulin from pancreas = sudden severe hypoglycaemia
mechanism of hepatic necrosis is unknown

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of xylitol poisoning?

A

hypoglycemia within 10-60min
- vomiting, weakness, ataxia, tremors, seizures

hepatic damage 9-72 hours (can occur without hypoglycemia)

  • vomiting, depression, lethargy, abdominal tenderness, icterus, petechial/ecchymotic hemorrhage, melena, hepatic encephalopathy
  • elevated liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia, increase clotting times, electrolyte derangement
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3
Q

What is the Dx of xylitol poisoning?

A

hypoglycemia + clinical signs
hepatic failure + clin path
diffuse hepatic necrosis + biliary hyperplasia

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4
Q

What is the treatment of xylitol poisoning?

A

decontam if approp + cathartic
prophylactic oral sugar supplementation
IV dextrose if hypoglycemic (25% bolus followed by 2.5-5% in fluids for 12-48 hours)
hourly blood glucose for 24+ hours, monitor electrolytes (K), liver function for 72hours
hepatic protectants and antioxidants (vits K, C and E)

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5
Q

What is the prognosis of xylitol poisoning?

A

generally good except with liver failure

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6
Q

What is the common outcome of grapes/raisin ingestion? Whats the toxic agent? toxic dose?

A

renal failure

toxic agent not identified

usually large amounts, but can be as low as 3mg raisins/kg
50% unaffected but some with previous ingestion (no signs) are affected later

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs from grapes/raisins?

A

vomiting within 2-6 hours
diarrhea, anorexia, lathargy, abdominal pain

at 12-24hours

  • azotemia
  • increase Ca/P
  • oliguria/anuria
  • proteinuria with granular cysts
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8
Q

What is the Dx for grapes/raisins?

A

ARF (clinpath/urinalysis) 12-72h after exposure
proximal renal tubule degen and necrosis (sparing distal tubules and basement membranes)
mineralization of kidneys +/- other organs

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9
Q

What is the treatment for grapes/raisins?

A 
emesis/GL if early + AC and cathartic
IV fluid diuresis (48-72 hours)
monitor BUN, Cr, Ca, P, K, urine SG for 72h
symptomatic and supportive care
consider peritoneal or hemodialysis
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10
Q

What is the Px for grapes/raisins?

A

poor if present with ARF

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11
Q

What does ingestion of paintballs and playdough cause in dogs/cats? whats in them?

A

fluid electrolyte imbalances and acid base abnormalities

polyethelene glycol, sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, mineral oil, dyes, pigskin

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12
Q

Whats the MOA of paintballs and playdough?

A

painballs act as osmotic cathartics to pull fluid into the GIT

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13
Q

What’s the toxic dose of paintballs/playdough?

A

5-10 paintballs to 30kg dog

playdough can contain up to 8g NaCl/tbsp (2g/kg toxic)

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of paintballs/playdough?

A 
paintballs
- rapid movement of water into GI
Playdough
- direct Na uptake
- increased plasma and EC osmolality, intracellular dehydration, hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia

Signs
- vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration (prerenal azotemia) polydipsia, ataxia, tremors

less common
weakness, hypovolemia, tachycardia, hypotension, blindness, seizures, hyperthermia and death

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15
Q

What is the Dx of paintballs and playdough?

A 
clin path (serum electrolyte anomalies
PM edema of GIT mucosa and cerebral cellular shrinkage
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16
Q

What is the Tx for paintballs and playdough?

A

emesis, GL if asymptomatic (not AC)
monitor hydration, acid base and electrolyte status
rehydrate hypernatremic dogs slowly with 0.45% saline + 2.5% dextrose

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17
Q

What is the Px of paintballs and playdough

A

good if treated appropriately

18
Q

What is dangerous about alkaline dry cells and lithium batteries?

A

alkaline dry cell = corrosive
- if chewed skin and mucosal necrosis
lithium disc batteries can be lodged in esophagus and cause burn without leaking

19
Q

What are the clinical signs of battery ingestion?

A

alkaline dry cell

  • rapid irritation
  • grayish black material in mouth
  • coughing/retching/gagging
  • progression to dyspnea/stridor, vomiting coffee grounds, melena, fever

lithium
- lodge in folds, necrosis/perforation (in 15min with 3volt)

20
Q

What is the Dx for batteries?

A

find the battery inspect
examine oral area
radiographs

21
Q

What is the treatment for batteries?

A 
chewed
- rinse mouth
- monitor for signs
- soft diet
- antibiotics
- GI protectants
- pain meds
Swallowed
- push into stomach if intact
- high fiber, monitor
- chewed or stuck need to be removed
22
Q

What is dangerous about essential oils?

A

volatile organic constituents of pants
lipophilic and well absorbed through MM/skin
potentially toxic in animals (little studies)

23
Q

What is the toxic agent and MOA of pennyroyal oil? what is it used for typically?

A

toxic agent: pulegone
bioactivated by P450 to a hepatotoxic metabolite
- depletes glutathione –> ROAS damage

flea repellant and abortifacient

24
Q

What are the clinical signs of pennyroyal oil?

A

2g/kg

  • listless (2h)
  • vomiting (2h)
  • diarrhea, hemoptysis, epistaxis, seizures and death (30h)

hepatocellular necrosis in PM

25
Q

what is the treatment for pennyroyal oil?

A

decontam
S&S care for acute renal failure
hepatoprotectants (silymarin and N-acetylcysteine)

26
Q

What is the toxic agent in citrus oils?

A

limonene and linalool

D-limonene safe but pure citrus oil is not

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of citrus oil?

A 
hypersalivation
tremors
ataxia
lateral recumbancy
coma and death
28
Q

What is the treatment for citrus oil?

A

decontamination

S&S care

29
Q

What is the toxic agent in wintergreen oil? what is it used for?

A 
methyl salicylate (liver converts to salicylic acid)
used to treat muscle pain
highly toxic orally (5ml = 7grams of aspirin)
30
Q

What are the clinical signs of wintergreen oil?

A

cats
- depression, anorexia, emesis, gastric hemorrhage, hepatitis, anemia, bone marrow hypoplasia, hyperpnea, fever, coma, death

interferes with platelet function

31
Q

What is the Tx for wintergreen oil?

A

decontam

S&S care

32
Q

What is the toxic agent of melaleuca/tea tree oil? What is it used for?

A

terpene hydrocarbons
used as topical antiseptic/antibacterial and anti-inflammatory
used for flea control sometimes

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of melaleuca?

A

similar in cats and dogs
hypothermia, ataxia, dehydration, nervousness, tremors, coma
serum AST ALT elevated
death

34
Q

What is the treatment for melaleuca?

A

decontam

S&S care

35
Q

What is the toxic agent in liquid potpourri?

A

contain essential oils and cationic detergents

irritating to skin or MM

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of liquid potpourtti?

A 
GI irritation or caustic injury
emesis
dyspnea (secondary to pulmonary edema)
hypotention
CNS depression
ocular exposure --> corneal injury
37
Q

What is the Tx for liquid potpourri?

A 
decontam (bathing, occular irrigation, dilution with water or milk)
GI protectants (sucralfate)
H2 blockers
PPIs
S&S care
pain control
38
Q

What does lily poisoning cause and what parts are toxic?

A 
all parts (unknown agent)
acute renal failure in cats (maybe dogs)
few bites can cause death
39
Q

What are the clinical signs of lily poisoning?

A

2-12h
- vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, hypersalivation, depression
- polyuria, ataxia, tremors, vocalization
24-96h
- oliguric or anuric ARF
- vomiting, dehydration, progressive depression, uremic breath, recumbancy, dyspnea, bradycardia, seizures

40
Q

What is the Dx of lily poisoning?

A 
CHEM
- increase BUN and Cr (18-24h)
- increase P and K
- acidosis
urinalysis
- glucosuria, proteinuria, granular casts
PM
- swollen edematous kidney, prox conv tub necrosis, intact basement membrane
41
Q

What is the Tx for lily poisoning?

A 
emesis/GL (1-2h, less than 6 improves)
AC and cathartic
IV fluids (2-3x maintenance) to diuresis for 48h
supportive care for ARF
monitor urine output and chem (48h)
42
Q

What is the Px for lily poisoning?

A

fair if aggressively treated within 18h
100% mortality if delayed and ARF develops
- hemodialysis or transplant?

Toxicology (27 decks)

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