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Cardiopulmonary system content app > Random Cardiac > Flashcards

Random Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Ankle-Brachial index procedure

A

ABI compares systlic BP at teh ankle and arm to check for peripheral artery disease

  • SBP ar emeasured in both brachial arteries and both tibialis posterior arteries with a sphygmomanometer and a handheld doppler US device
  • the ABI is calculated by dividing the higher of teh two BP measurements in the ankles by the higher of the two SBP measurements at the arms
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2
Q

ABI ranges

A

> 1.30: indicates rigid arteries

  1. 0-1.30: normal; no blockage
  2. 8-0.99: mild blockage; beginning of PAD
  3. 4-0.79: moderate blockage: may have intermittent claudication during exercise

<0.4: severe blockage suggesting severe PAD: claudication pain at rest

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3
Q

exercise stress testing

A
  • used to assess the patient’s ability to tolerate increasing intensity of exercise while ECG, BP, HR and symptoms are monitored for evidence of myocardial ischemia, abnormal electrical conduction, or other abnormal S/S of exertion. they may be used to evaluate disease severity and prognosis and to determine functional capacity, especially for exercise prescription and counceling. a number of exercise protocols are available using a treadmill, cycle ergometer or upper extremity ergometer
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4
Q

absolute indications for terminating an exercise test:

A
  • drop in SBP >10 mm Hg from baseline despite increase in workload with other evidence of ischemia
  • moderately severe angina
  • increasing nervous system symptoms(ataxia , dizziness etc)
  • signs of poor perfusion (cyanosis, pallor)
  • sustained ventricular tachycardia
  • 1.0 mm ST elevation in leads without diagnostic Qwaves
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5
Q

Relative indications fro terminating an exercise test

A
  • drop in SBP >10mm Hg from baseline despite increase in workload without other evidence of ischemia
  • > 2mm ST segment depression
  • Arrhythmias other than sustained ventricular tachycardia, including multifocal PVCs, supraventricular tachycardia, heart block or bradyarrhythmias
  • fatigue SOB, wheezing leg cramps, and claudication
  • development of bundle branch block or intraventricular conduction delay
  • increasing chest pain
  • Hypertensive response (SBP >250mm Hg and/or DBP> 115 mmHg)
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6
Q

metabolic alkalosis

pH

A
  • increases
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7
Q

metabolic alkalosis

PaCO2

A
  • within normal limits
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8
Q

metabolic alkalosis

HCO3

A
  • increases
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9
Q

metabolic alkalosis

- causes

A
  • bicarbonate ingestion, vomiting, diuretics, steroids, adrenal disease
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10
Q

metabolic alkalosis

Signs and symptoms

A
  • weakness, lethargy, early tetany
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11
Q

Metabolic acidosis

-pH

A
  • decreases
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12
Q

Metabolic acidosis

- PaCO2

A
  • within normal limits
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13
Q

Metabolic acidosis

HCO3

A
  • decreases
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14
Q

Metabolic acidosis

- causes

A

dibetic, lactic or uremic acidosis; prolonged diarrhea

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15
Q

Metabolic acidosis

- signs and symptoms

A
  • secondary hyperventilation, nausea and vomiting, cardiac dysrhythmias, lethargy, coma
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16
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

- pH

A

increases

17
Q

Respiratory alkalosis paCO2

A
  • decreases
18
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

HCO3

A
  • within normal limits
19
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

-causes

A

alveolar hyperventilation

20
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

- signs and symptoms

A
  • dizziness, syncope, tingling, numbness, early tetany, confusion, cramping
21
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

- pH

A
  • decreases
22
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

- PaCO2

A
  • increases
23
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

- HCO3

A
  • within normal limits
24
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

- causes

A
  • alveolar hypoventilation
25
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

- signs and symptoms

A
  • early:anxiety, restlesness, dyspnea, HA

- Late: confusion, somnolence, coma

26
Q

forward leaning position to relieve dyspnea

A
  • often provides relief of dyspnea to patients with lung disease
  • with arms support optimizes teh length-tension relationship of the disphragm and allows the pectoralis minor and pectoralis major muscles to assist in elevating the rib cage during inspiration
  • the positions may be combined with oteh rbreathing techniques
27
Q

reverse trendelenburg position to relieve dyspnea

A
  • places a person in supine with their head above their trunk and lower extremities, decreasing the weight of the abdominal contents on the diaphragm and reducing teh resistance to movement during breathing
28
Q

demi-fowlers position to relieve dyspnea

A
  • places a patient in supine with teh head of teh bed levated to 45 degrees and pillows under the knees for support and maintenance of a proper lumbar curve
  • this position is used often for patients with congestive heart failure or other cardiac conditions
29
Q

postural drainage

apical segments right and left upper lobes

A

the patient is in a sitting position, leaning back 30-40 degrees
-percussion and vibration are performed above the clavicles

30
Q

postural drainage

posterior segment right upper lobe

A
  • patient is turned 1/4 from prone on the left side with the bed horizontal and the head and shoulders raised on a pillow
  • percussion and vibration are performed around the medial border of the right scapula
31
Q

postural drainage

posterior segment left upper lobe

A
  • patient is turned 1/4 from prone on the right side with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees and the head and shoulders raised on a pillow
  • percussion and vibration are performed around the medial border of the left scapula
32
Q

postural drainage

lingula left upper lobe

A
  • the patient is turned 1/4 from supine on the right side with the foot of the bed elevated 12 inches
  • percussion and vibration are performed over the left chest between the axilla and the left nipple
33
Q

postural drainage

anterior segments right and left upper lobes

A
  • patient is in supine with the bed horizontal

- percussion and vibration are performed below the clavicles

34
Q

postural drainage

right middle lobe

A
  • the patient is turned 1/4 from supine on the left side with the foot of the bed elevated 12 inches
  • Percussion and vibration are performed over the right chest between the axilla and the right nipple
35
Q

postural drainage

- superior segments left and right lower lobes

A

the patient is prone with the bed horizontal

-percussion and vibration are performed below the inferior border of the left and right scapulae

36
Q

postural drainage

- anterior basal segments left and right lower lobes

A
  • the patient is in supine with the foot of the bed elevated 18 inches
  • percussion and vibration are performed over the lower robs on the left and right side
37
Q

postural drainage

-Posterior basal segments left and right lower lobes

A
  • the patient is in prone with the foot of the bed elevated 18 inches
  • percussion and vibration are performed over the lower ribs on teh left and right side of teh chest
38
Q

postural drainage

- lateral basal segments lower lobes

A
  • patient is in sidelying with the foot of the bed elevated 18 inches
  • percussion and vibration performed over the lower ribs
  • the image shows the position for the lateral segment of the left lower lobe with the patient lying on the right side
  • for the lateral segment of the right lower lobe, the pt lies on the left side

Cardiopulmonary system content app (14 decks)

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